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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

J

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

A SYNCHRONISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF

THE EVENTS OF

ANCIENT HISTORY.

BY

Rev. ARTHUR C. JENNINGS,

.»,,

RECTOR OF KING S STANLEY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE,
AUTHOR OF A " COMMENTARY ON THE PSALM 8," " ECCLESIA ANGLICANA,'

" MANUAL OF CHURCH HISTORY," ETC.

Hontton :
MACMILLAN AND CO.

AND NEW YORK.

1888

// .
[The Right of Translation is reserved.]

/ » <

N^

LIBRARY

O f ■• THE

LELAND STAN:0RD JUNIOR

UNIVERSITY.

V.

fl.3fV

(Eamfcrfoge :

PRINTED BY C, J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

J

PREFACE.

TN this work Ancient History is dealt with in the form of a
-■" chronological compendium, ranging from the received date
of the Foundation of Rome to that of the Birth of Christ.
The object is to give the reader a synoptic view, and so enable
him to correct the narrowing tendencies of a study of Ancient
History in isolated branches. Thus by the aid of Chrono-
logical Tables I — IV the classical student may see at a glance
what political events in Palestine or the Eastern monarchies
synchronized with those of Greek and Roman History. In
Tables V, VI he may see what stage each country had reached
at any given period in respect to science, legislation and
literature. Exactness of date for these purposes is not necessary
and is certainly unattainable. Every department of ancient
Chronology has difficulties of its own, which remain to be
dealt with by specialists, and until we approach the Christian
era anything but approximate veri6 cation is at present im-
possible in perhaps the majority of cases. We have thought
it best to adhere in the main to the by no means unexcep-
tionable schemes of Chronology which have assumed a stereo-
typed form in our Dictionaries of Dates and popular educational
works. Where an event is quite mythical or cannot even be
approximately dated we have usually added the mark (?).

ABBREVIATIONS.

'—flourished

until

abroad— abrogated

abt — about

Acad — Academic

ace— accedes or accession of

administs— administers

admtd— admitted

lmil}-^ mi,ius

iEn— JEneid

«t— estate

nfterw— afterwards

Afric — Africanus

a gst— against

Alex— Alexander or Alexandria

ambass— ambassador

Ant— Antonius

App— Appiua

appts— appoints

archit— architect

Armen— Armenia

Asia M.— Asia Minor

Asa— Assyria

assassd— assassinated

astron— astronomer

Aurel— Aurelius

B— battle

b— born -

Bab— Babylon

betwi . .

btw h^" 68 "

biograph— biographer

Bithyn— Bithynia

bk— book

Calp— Calpurnius

Garth— Carthage

Cass— Cassius

cf— confer or compare

Chron— Chronicler or Chronicles

dr— circa

Claud— Claudius

Cn— Cneius

com poet— comic poet

I— consul
oonsJ

conqs— conquers
consr — consular
contemp — contemporary
Corn— Cornelius
counc— council
d— died

daught— daughter
Dec— Decius or Decimus
dfts— defeats
disevs— discovers
dom— dominion
dramat— dramatist
Earthq— earthquake
Emp— Emperor or Empire
enfranchd— enfranchised
Ephesn— Ephesians
E picur— Epicurean
estabs— establishes
execs— executes
exhibd— exhibited
expd— expelled
Fab— Fabius
fl— flourished
gen— general
geogr— geographer
Gks— Greeks
govr— governor
govs— governs
Gr— Greece
gramm — grammarian
grandf— grandfather
grands— grandson
Gt— the Great
hf— himself
Hist— history

H:£uJ- Hi * hpriMt

husb— husband
imprisd— imprisoned
indep— independent
inscr \ _
in8criptH n8Cn P tlon

instd— instituted
introdd— introduced
in vs— invades
invasn — invasion

1

Vlll

ABBKEVIATIONS.

•»t>#— invents
Ital-Italy
I tain— Italian
Jun— Junius
jun— junior
jurispr— jurisprudence
K— King
kd-killed
Kdm— Kingdom
ks— kills
Lat — Latin

lexicogr— lexicographer
Licin— Licinius
Lu(j — Lucius
ra— married
Maoed— Macedonia
Magn — Magnus
Manl— Manlius

Max— Maximu8
mecban— mechanician
med— medicus
merid— meridian
Met— Metellus
mil
mili
mths— months
neph— nephew
nr— near

oligarchl— oligarchical
Olymp— olympiads
orat— orator
Parth— Parthia
Pergam— Pergamus
peripat— peripatetic
philolog— philologer
philos— philosopher
pleb— plebeian

;|J. J-military

pont— pontifex
Praef— Prefect
procons— proconsul
prohibd— prohibited
prosecd— prosecuted
prov— province
provincl— provincial
Ptol— Ptolemy
Publ— Publius
publd— published
Publil— Publilius
Q— Queen

rebuildg— rebuilding
republ— republic
restd— restored
rhet — rhetorician

Bom — P/wir^n

| ic }— Sulpicius

sculpt— sculptor

seq— "and following yean '

Serv— Servius

Servil— Servilius

Sext— Sextu8

8p — Spurius

Sulp

SulpicJ

Syr— Syria

Syrac— Syracuse

thems— themselves

trag— tragedy

transcr— transcribes

transfd— transferred

transpts— transports

trib— tribune

v— versus

Val— Valerius

wh — which

yr— year

Note. The words son, daught., cousin, etc, indicate the relationship to the last-mentioned
sovereign, e.g. " 727 Ass. Sbalmaneser IV. K— 721 son" means that this sovereign was the
son of Tiglath Pileser II. vide 745.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY AGES.

1

JEWISH HISTORY.
Before b.c. 753.

Ussher

Abram 1 leaves Haran (Poole 2082, Hales 2078) ...

Birth of Isaac (Poole 2057)

Birth of Jacob (Poole 1997)

1921
1890
1837

Jacob's family settle in Egypt (Poole 1864)

1708

Birth of Moses (Poole 1732, Hales 1728) ..,

Date of Exodus (Poole 1652, Hales 1648)
Death of Moses (Poole 1612, Hales 1608)

Death of Joehua (Poole 1599)

First Servitude (Poole 1567)

1571

1491
1451
1448
1418

Servitudes and regime of Judges. — Eli's death and overthrow of the

Sanctuary (Poole 1137, Hales 1148) 1128

Saul ace (Poole 1097, Hales 1110) 1095

David ace (Poole 1057, Hales 1070) 1055

Solomon ace (Poole 1017, Hales 1030) 1015

Solomon's Temple founded (Poole 1013, Hales 1027) 1012

Schism 3 of Kingdoms Israel Jeroboam K — 954 son of Nebat; two golden

1 The student will remember that in this early part of Scriptural history, Mr Poole's system of
chronology is far preferable to that of Archbp Ussher. We have however followed the usual course
in giving the more conspicuous place to the latter.

8 Mr S. Sharpe (" Chronology of the Bible ") dates the Schism 936 and is not in accord with
other chronologists till the reign of Ahaz. There appears however no reason to deviate from the
systems of Poole, Clinton, and Winer, who agree with Ussher in dating the Schism circa 975, and
differ but little in the dates of the following kings of Israel and Judah.

GENERAL HISTORY 1 .
Before b.c. 753.

Egypt Thinite dynasty i of Manetho

Memphite do m

Thinite do n

Memphite do iv ; Elephantinite do v

China ? 1st imperial dynasty, Fohi's

Egypt Memphite dynasty vi: Heracleopolite do ix: Diospolite do xi

Diospopolite do xii : Xoite do xrv : Shepherds do xv, xyi

India ? Yedas and Puranas written

Egypt Diospolite dynasty xra : Irruption of Shepherds

Greece Legendary reign of Inachus

Phoenician republics founded

Egypt Memphite dynasties vn, viii : Shepherds do xvn

China ? 2nd imperial dynasty

Egypt Heracleopolite dynasty x

Diospolite do xyiii: Amosis expels Shepherds: Egypt henceforth a

single centralized monarchy

Greece ? Instn of Amphictyonic Council

? Instn of Panathenaio Games

? Instn of Isthmian Games

Egypt Dynasty xix (Barneses i, n) : Great Hall of Karnao : Canal from Nile
vO xveu jsea ... • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assyria conqs Babylon

Egypt Dynasty xx (commonly named that of Barneses)

Greece ? Siege of Troy begins

Assyria Tiglath Pileser i

Greece ? Dorians conquer Peloponnesus

? Biarohy at Sparta

Egypt Tanite dynasty xxi

Greece Codrus last K of Athens d

Cum® founded

Amphictyonic Council remodelled

Egypt Dynasty xxii

cir
2717

2650
2470
2440
2207
2200
2080
1998
1920
1868

iaoo

1800
1768
1760

1626
1498
1496
1876

1824
1260
1219
1198
1180
1104
llOO
1086
1070
1060
1040
998

1 We have transcribed in this section the dates usually given in dictionaries and works of reference,
only deviating in the case of Assyria. The Assyrian dates throughout the whole work are taken
from Rawlinson. It is probable that, with the exception of this case, few of the dates given above
can pretend to even approximate accuracy. We mark with a (?) those which are least reliable.

Xll

JEWISH HISTORY.

calves, the altar denounced: Judah Rehoboam E — 958 son of Solomon

invasn of Shishah K of Egypt

Judah Abijah E — 955 son (dfts Israel at Zemaraim)

Asa E son ; dfts Zerah E of Ethiopia at Mareshah : Religion restored

Azariah* Prophet

Israel Nadab E — 954 son

Baasha E — 930

Elah E — 929 son

Zimri E — 929 ; destroys family of Baasha

Omri E — 918 ; founds city of Samaria : Tibni pretender

Ahab E — 898, son m Jezebel: Elijah* Prophet: League of two

Kingdoms v Syria ; B of Ramoth Gilead

Judah Jehoshaphat E — 892 son : People instructed in the Law : Jehu * son

of Hanani, Prophet ; Moab, Ammon, etc. inv Judah : Fleet built

Israel Ahaziah E — 896 son

Jehoram E — 884 brother: Elijah's translation: Elisha* Prophet

Moabite War ; Cure of Naaman : Syrian invasn

Judah Jehoram E — 885 son, m Athaliah daught of Ahab ; ks his brothers
enforces idolatry ...

Ahaziah E — 884 son ; slain by Jehu at Megiddo

Athaliah Q — 878 mother ; Royal family is deposed by Jehoiada H Priest
Israel Jehu E — 856 destroys line of Ahab and priests of Baal : Encroachment

vX © Vx Xck ••• • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • « •

Judah Jehoash E — 839 grandson ; restores Temple, and renews Temple tax ;
apostatizes ; has Zechariah H Priest stoned : Hazael E of Syria ravages

cl UCXcd Cv ••« • • • • • • ••• • • • ♦ • * • • • ••• •••

Israel Jehoahaz E — 841 son; becomes a prey to Syria

Jehoash E — 825 son : Elisha d : Syria thrice dftd : Amaziah dftd at

Bethshemesh : Jerusalem plundered

Judah Amaziah E — 810 son : war v Edom, hire of Israelite troops : Petra

taken : Edomite gods : wars v Jehoash, is dftd

Israel Jeroboam n E — 784 son; continues Syrian war, takes Hamath and

Damascus : Jonah * , Amos * , Hosea *, prophets

Judah Uzziah [Azariah] E — 758 son ; dfts Edom, Philistia etc ; repairs Jeru
salem ; burns incense ; is smitten with leprosy

Israel Interregnum — 773

Zachariah E— 772

Shallum E — 772

Menahem E — 761 takes Tiphsah : Pul E of Assyria imposes poll-tax

Pekahiah E — 759 son

PekahE— 740

Judah Jotham E — 742

Ussher

97*
968

965
964
963
980
929
929

918

914

898

892
886
884

884

878
868

841

889

826

810

784
778
772
772
761
769
768

I

GENERAL HISTORY. Xlll

cir

Greece ? Supposed birth of Homer ©71

Greece ? Supposed date of Hesiod 944

Assyria Iva-lush in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9O0

Assyria Sardanapalus ; oonqs Armen, Mesopot, Syr, etc; builds palace at

\JfJksi3kLX • • • ••• ••• t • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • ^B^B^m

Greece Lycurgus legislates for Sparta 884

Greece Revival of Olympic games at Elis 884

Assyria Shalmanezer ii 868

Carthage founded under Pygmalion 860

Media attacked by Assyria 880

Assyria Shamar-Iva 828

Iva-lush it ; takes Damascus ; reduces Samaria, Philistia, Edom ... 310

China and India Political Instns estabd 800

Assyria Shalmanezer ni 781

Greece The Olympiads begin 776

Assyria Asshur-danin-il i ~. 771

Egypt Dynasty xxiv under E Bocchoris: Sais seat of Empire 768

ERRATA.

753 read " Israel 8th " not " nth** and " Judah 6th " not M 6th "

399 read " Dialogues of Plato " in 888 not 399

388 read " Aristophanes' Plutus " in 408 not 388

376 read " art M not " oet " in column 5

339 read " Phocion " not " Phocian " in column 3

280 erase " Pamphilus and " from column 5

226-7 read " Cleomenes in " not " n " in column 3

108 read " £2m " not * « Aurel " in column 3

'o

;

CHKONOLOGICAL" TABLES.

J.

b.o. 75&— 734

B.O.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

758

768

761
760

749

748

747

746
746

744

748
748

741
740

789
788

787
786
786

784

Ass Asshur-Lush E — 745
last of his dynasty. Rome
founded by Bomulus : 752,
751,747?

Gr Athenian Archonship
made decennial, still limit-
ed to family of Medon.

Cir Maritime ascendancy of
Miletus— 733.

Gr Era of supremacy of
Argos.

Bab Kabonassar E (1st in
Ptolemy'slist)— 783. Borne
joint rule of Bomulus and
Tatius.

Ass Tiglath Pileser n K—
727. Gr Oligarchy of Bac-
chiadie with annual Pry-
tanis at Corinth.

Cappadocian Kdm founded
by Pharnaces.

Rome Bomulus sole E —
716: legendary constitu-
tion a monarchy limited
by patrician Senate and
Comitia Curiata.

Asia M Naval Supremacy of
Caria. ? Candaules* E of
Lydia— 724, last of Hera-
clidffi, or 775.

Gr cir Upgrowth of inde-
pendent Gk colonies in
Thrace, Italy, Sicily etc —
560

Israel 8th yr of E Pekah.
Judah 5th yr of E Jotham.
Isaiah*, Prophet cir 758 —
697.

Cir Micah * the Morasthite,
Prophet— 720 dr.

Rome Rape of Sabine vir-
gins; war — 747.

Rome War with Sabines end-
ed by the Sabine League.

Israel cir 1st invasion
Tiglath Pileser n.

of

Judah Ahaz E — 726 son*
Inroads of Pekah and Be-
zin. Prophecies of Isaiah
vn — ix.

Judah Ahaz seeks aid of
Tiglath Pileser n.

Israel cir Tiglath Pileser's
2nd invasion ; deportation
of inhabitants. Pekah
murdered by Hoshea [?
730], supposed interreg-
num — 730.

Judah cir Ahaz goes to Da-
mascus as Tiglath Pileser's
vassal.

Judah cir Introduction of
Syrian altar at Jerusalem.

Gr 1st Messenian war,
Sparta v Messenia — 724

Assyrian invasion of Syria
and Palestine, destruction
of Damascus 732 or 730 ?

( 2 )

Biography and
Topography.

Catania colonized from
Chalcis, 780? Egypt Sais
under Bocohoris (xxrvth
dynasty cir 774—730) be-
comes the seat of empire.

Or Gharops 1st decennial
arohon at Athens.

Bhegium founded by Chal-
cidians.

Bab E Nabonassar (sup-
posed husband of Semira-
mis)destroyed the annals of
his predecessors Berosus.

Ass Tiglath Pileser n pro-
bably a usurper: warred
agst Babylonia, Media, Ar-
menia, S. Syria, Palestine.

Or Phidon E of Argos d
1st Gk tyrant.

Polyohares, the Messenian,
causes war v Sparta.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Aristodemus the Messenian
ks his daughter.

Naxos colonized by Ionians
under Theuoles.

Syracuse founded by Arch-
ias of Corinth.

Carthaginian sea traffic*:
extends from Phoenicia to
Albion.

Or cir Phidon introds coined
money, weights and mea-
sures.

Ass cir Palace at Calah built
in Tiglath Pileser's reign.

Borne Observation of a solar
year of 860 days.

bo. 763—734

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Cir Antimaohus* of Teos
and Aflias* of Samoa Ok
poets. Borne Legendary
Senate of 100 members.

Or 7th Olymp, Instn of
.Olympic crown.

Or Phidon tyrant of Argos
presides at 8th Olympic
games.

B.C.

Borne Supposed Instn of 8
Tribes, 80 Curias, Senate of
200 members, Patrons and
Clients.

Or Poem on Bees by Eubu-
lus of Corinth.

Or cir— 712 Poetry of Cal-
linus of Ephesus.

748

762

751
760

740

748

747

748
746

744

748

748

741
740

780
788

787
786
786

784

( 3 )

1—2

b.c. 73S-714

Political History.

b.c.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

788
788

781

780

788
788

787

788

786

784

788

788

781

780

718

718

717

716

716

714

Bab Nadius K— 731.

BafeChinzinuaK— 731: Po-
ms K— -726.

Egypt cir Sabaco i [So of 2
Kings f] an Ethiopian
(xxvth dynasty— 665) K—
704, conquered nearly all
Egypt.

Judah General prevalence
of heathen worship.

Israel Hoshea K— 721 last
E of Israel.

Israel Hoshea tributary to
K of Assyria.

Ass ShalmaneflerrvK — 721
son.

Bab Elutous K— 721.

Gr Ascendancy of Sparta
estabd by 1st Messenian
War. Lydia Gyges 1st of
the Mermnacto K— 686,
Herod : ? 716—678.

Ass Change of dynasty,
Sargon E— 702. BabU&r-
docempalus [Merodaoh-
Baladan] K— 709.

JudaA HezekiahE — 697 son.

Israel League with Egypt:
refusal of Assyrian tribute.
Judah HezeMah purges
and re-opens Temple.

Israel Assyrian invasion,
Samaria besieged. Judah
invaded by So K of Egypt.

Judah cir Hezekiah an-
nexes Philistine cities.

Israel Samaria taken. Land
swept of its inhabitants.
Kingdom ends.

Judah cir refuses Assyrian
tribute, forms league with
Egypt. Hezekiah's great
Passover.

Borne Interregnum — 715.

Borne Numa Pompilius E—
672 [676 ?] son-in-law of
Tatius.

Gr Athenian Arohonship
thrown open to all nobles.

Egypt E Bocohoris [Pehor ?]
deposed and roasted alive
by Sabaco. Gr B of Itho-
me, Euphaes E of Mes-
senians killed.

Spartans deftd by Messe-
nianflunderKArifltodemus.

Spartans destroy Ithome,
reduce Messenia.

Sargon depopulates and re-
peoples N. Palestine.

Oir Sargon invades Philistia
Ass Inscr. Besieges Tyre
unsuccessfully for 5 yrs ?

Sargon advances on Egypt
Ass Inscr.

( 4 )

B.a 73&-714

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.c.

Leontini colonized from
Naxos, Methone from Ere-
tria, Corojra from Corinth.

Megara Hyblaea colonized
fromMegara.

Bhegium colonized from
Chalcis. Cir suicide of
Aristodemns E of Mes-
senia.

Lydia Supposed rise of
Sardis.

Ass E Sargonreduoed Baby-
lonia, made Nineveh the
metropolis.

Sybaris in Italy colonized
by Aohttans. Thasos co-
lonized by Ionians — 700.

War of Spartans v Argivee
in Thyrea.

Or Legendary arrival of
Heraofidffl. Oela in Sicily
founded* Rome Legendary
disappearance of Romulus.

Abydos colonized from Mi-
letus. Byzantium founded
by Athens ?

Hippomenes of Athens
cruelly kills his daughter.

Cir From intercourse with
the Lydians the Gks learnt
metallurgy, weaving, dye-
ing, music etc.

Ass Palace at Ehorsabad
built in Sargon's reign.
Bab Eclipses observed.
India ? Gautama introds
Buddhism, vide 543*

Rome under Kama. Year of
855 days, biennial inter-
calary month: religious
system: 8 crafts-guilds, in-
cluding potters, copper-
smiths, goldsmiths*

( 5 )

Rome Supposed instn of
Circensian Games*

Egypt Sabaco i noted as a
legislator.

Gr. Philolaus of Corinth
gives Thebans a Code of
laws.

Or Foot race of 2 stadia
added to the games.

Or Longer foot race added
to the games.

783
782

781

780

799
798

797

798

796

794

798
799

791

790

7X0
718

717

718

715

714

b.o. 713—693

B.O.

718

71a

710

709

Political History.

70S

707

7O0

705

704

708
70S

701
700

689
898

687

686
686
684
688

Bab Aroeanus K— 704 vice-
roy of Sargon.

Or cir Increase of power of
Spartan Ephors. Media
Beign of Deioces K — 666,
Herod : ? 710—667.

Jewish Church
History.

Att Sennacherib K— 680

ton.
Bab Interregnum — 702

when Mardocempalus is

again K for 6 months.

Egypt Sabaoo n £—690.

Bab Mardooempalus de-
throned by Sennacherib:
Belibus an Assyrian, £ —
699.

Maced cir Legendary foun-
dation of monarchy under
Perdiocasi.

Bab Assaranadius K— 693
son of Sennacherib.

Bab Begibelus K— 692 pro-
bably Assyrian viceroy.

Cir Hezekiah's dangerous
illness cured by Isaiah 1 .

Cir K Merodaoh-Baladan
visits Hezekiah and is
shewn the royal treasure.

Sennacherib takes the
fenced cities of Judah and
fines Hezekiah.

Cir Sennacherib threatens
Jerusalem from Laohish,
186,000 Assyrians smitten
by the angel of the Lord.

Judah
ton.

Manasseh K — 642

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Sargon takes Ashdod Att
Inter.

Sargon defeats and captures
Mardooempalus in Baby-
lonia Att Inter. Legend-
ary revolt of Modes agst
Assyria Herod.

Or Conspiracy of Spartan
Helots araParthenite frus-
trated.

Sennacherib deposes Mardo-
oempalus, takes 200,000
captives from the Tigris
and Euphrates Att Inter.

Sennacherib wars in Egypt,
takes 46 Jewish towns,
fines Hezekiah Att Inter.

Sennacherib in S Palestine,
besieges Pelusium ; before
Tirhakah can relieve it
his army is overthrown,
of Jot and Herod.

Sennacherib wars with Su-
siana and Babylonia— 696
Att Inter.

» For the chronology of Hezeldah'i reign we adopt the emendation suggested by Dr Hincks. See
Smith's Diet o/ Bible.

( 6 )

bo. 713—693

Biography and
Topography.

Or cir Offerings of Gyges
in Temple of Delphi. Aris-
todemus E of Messenia —
704 general and patriot.
Croton colonized by Aoha-

ans.

Tarentum colonized
Spartan Partheniffi.

by

The Loori Epizephyrii

settled.
Bennaoherib ace the most

powerful Assyrian E.

Cyprus cir occupied by the
Assyrians till 650. Me-
tapontum oir founded by
Achfeans.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Some kind of sun-dial in
use in Judaea 2 Kings zz.

Media The famous walls
of Ecbatana built in the
reign of Deioces Herod.

Palace at Nineveh built in
Sennacherib's reign.

Samians taught by Corin-
thians to construct tri-

remes.

Flourishing sea trade of
Corinth.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Rome cir Instn of augurs
and vestals.

Or Wrestling, leaping and
quoit-throwing added to
the games.

B.0.

718
71S
711

710

708

707

708
706
704

708
702

Or oir The elegy and classi-
cal Iambic introdd by £r-
ohUoohus of Paros, who
writes satires.

Or oir Lyric poetry of Si-
monides of Amorgos.

701
700

888

887

888
888
884
888

( 7 )

b.c. 692—669

Political History.

B.O.

60a

601

60O

680

687
686

684

688

688
681

680

670
678
677
676

676

674

678
678

671
670

660

Bab Mesesimordaeus E-688
probably Assyrian viceroy.

Egypt Tirhakah K— 665,
previously E of Ethiopia;
greatest E of this dynasty.

Bab Interrogntun : anarchy
and disturbance— 680.

Lydia Ardys E — 637 ton,
Herod : ? 67&— 629.

Jewish Chuboh
History.

Gr The nine animal Ar-
ohons at Athens, rule of
aristocracy — 594.

Gr Arcadian republ suc-
ceeds monarchy : 668 ?

Ass Esar-Haddon E — cir
667 son. Bab under Esar-
Haddon E of Aw— 667.

Gr cir Dynasty of despots
at Sicyon begun by Ortha-
goras.

Lesbos Naval supremacy.
Borne Tullus Hostilius E
— 640, greatly enlarged
Roman territory: 676?

Cir Foreign religions in-
trodd: defilement of Tem-
ple: legendary martyr dom
of Isaiah.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Gr 2nd Messenian War,
Sparta v Messenia — 668.

Cir Judasa overrun by Esar-
Haddon, E Manasseh ta-
ken to Babylon.

Release and restoration of
Manasseh who reestab-
lishes religion: 660? Elia-
kim his chief minister.

Gr Aristomenes the Messe-
nian resists the Spartans
at Ira for 11 yrs.

Edomites conquered by
Esar-Haddon.

Rome war v Alba— 670.
Legendary B of Horatii and

Curiatii.
Egypt successfully invaded

by E Esar-Haddon. Gr

Argives defeat Spartans at

Hysi».

( 8 )

b.c. 692—669

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

t

698
691

Egypt Under Tirhakah

690

Thebes again became the

seat of empire. Zanole*

colonized from Cum« — .

660, Gela from Rhodes

■

and Crete.

■

689

Gr Boxing added to the

688

games.

687

686

Cir Tarsus founded by Sen-

686

nacherib.

■

Or Erixias d last of decen-

684

nial archons of Athens.

Aristomenes* the Messe-

nian general: legends of

-

his prowess.

Or Creon 1st of Athenian

Gr Martial songs of Tyr-

683

annual archons.

tffius, Athenian, on behalf
of Sparta.

688
681

»

Esar-Haddon built a palace

Gr Chariot race added to

680

at Bab and 30 Temples in

the games.

Ass and Mesopot.

679
678

.

677

Gr oh? — 644 art of music ad-

Gr cir— 644 Poetry of Ter-

676

vanced by Terpander who

pander of Lesbos.

invs seven-stringed lyre.

Cyzicus restored by Mega-

Gr Carnaea, music-festivals

676

rians.

instd at Sparta.

Chalcedon colonized by Me-

674

garians.

673

Rome T Hostilius is said

Rome T Hostilius is said to

672

to have built the Senate

have instituted the games

House Curia Hostilia.

Saturnalia and Opatia.

671

Gr cir — 611 Choral poetry

670

of Alcman of Sparta.

669

( 9 )

668-444

B.O.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

WARfl, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

668

Or Sparta keeps the Mes-

Or 2nd Messenian War ends

senians in servitude till

in subjugation of Messe-

869.

nia.

667

Ass eir Asshurbanipal [Sar-

Egypt Tirhakah resists K
Asshurbanipal's invasion

danapahis] K — 647 son.

Bab Saosduohinus K— 647

—665.

son of Esar-Haddon.

666

666

Egypt divided into 12 nomes

Egypt conquered by As-

by Assyria : Necho father

syria. Borne Bevolt of

of Psamatik one of the

Fidena and Veii.

viceroys.

664

Egypt oir Psamatik i as-

Or Sea-fight of Corinthians

sociated with Necho (in-

v Coreyreans. Borne De-

dependent eir 682) reigns

struction of Alba.

over Egypt — 610 (xxvith

dynasty — 569). Borne Al-

«

bans incorporated.

666

662

661

660

•

666

Gr Phigalia taken by Spar-
tans.

668

,

657

Or Cypselns overthrows the
oligarchy at Corinth,
founds dynasty of despots,

which lasts— 681.

666

666

Media Eeign of Phraortes

Media Legendary defeat of

theoonquerorof Persia K —

Deiooes by Assyria at Ba-

633 «m, Herod: ? 657—685.

gau.

664

658

•

668

661

*

660

Gr Rise of the Tyrants in

? Micah's Prophecies agst

Cir Burning of the Temple

several Gk cities— -600.

Nineveh.

at Ephesus by the Cim-
merians.

648

646

647

Ass Asshuremidilin [Sara-
cus] K— 625 son. BabGm-
neladanus p Assyrian E

or viceroy]--626.

•

646

645

644

( 10 )

668-644

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

•

13 /t

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Befugee Measenians in

668

Sicily.

Au Arts of engraving, mo-

Cir Library of Sardanapa-

667

delling, metallurgy etc at
their acme* under Sardana-

lufl at Nineveh.

palus.

666

Mettus treacheroufl Alban

Cir Lyric poetry of Thale-

666

general.

tes of Crete: celebration
of Gymnopsdia at Sparta.

Or Zaleucus* the Locrian

Or Zaleucus gives the Epi-
zephyrian Loori a Code,

664

legislator; the legends

shew his devotion to his

•

long jealously conserved.

system.

Borne 3 Tribes, 80 curia,
300 houses.

668

Selymbria colonized by Me-

Or Aristoxenus * poet.

668

garians.

661

660

Epimenides seer b at Crete.

666
668

Byzantium colonized by

Gr cir Lesches* minor epic

667

the Megarians.

poet.

666
666

Stagira, Acanthus, Lamp-

664

8acus,andAbdera founded.

668
658

Pittacus of Mitylene b.

1st date in Se-ma-tsien's

661

Hist of China,

Or cir toreutic art, coffer of

650

Gypselus in Olympia. Cir

Dorio order of architecture

•

begins.

648

Himera colonized from

Or The horse race andheavy

648

Zancle.

athletic sports added to
the games.

•

647

■ •

Poetry of Fisander of Ca-

646

mira.

646

Casmenffl founded by Sy-

644

racusans.

( 11 )

b.c. 640—620

B.C.

648
642

641
640

686
688
687

686
686
684

688

688

681
680

688
688
687
626

626

624

828

622
621
620

Political Histoby.

Rome AncuB Martins grands
of Noma K — 616, incor-
porated the Latin cities:
rise of the Plebs.

Lydia Sadyattes K— 625
son, Herod; ? 629—617.

Media Cyaxares K— 593
(Herod), founder of Median
Empibe ? 635—595.

Egypt cir Psamatik i inde-
pendent K— 610.

Cyrene monarchy estabd
under Battus, lasts till 430.

Or cir Overthrow of the
oligarohy at MegarabyThe-
agenes (despot— cir 600).

Gr Periander despot at

Corinth— 585.
Gr Proolus despot at Epi*

danrns.

Ass Empibe ends, divided
betw Medes and Babylo-
nians. Lydia Alyattes K
—568 ? 617—560.

Gr Athenians accept the
legislation of Draco.

Jewish Church
History.

Amon K— 640 son, con-
tinued idol-worship: was
killed by conspirators,

Josiah K— 609 son »t 8.

Josiah destroys the high
places, groves, etc— 624.

Temple restorecl. Book of
the Law discovered. Jo-
siah renews the Covenant
and celebrates the Pass-
over. Huldah* Prophetess.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Rising of Medes agst As-
syria. Phraortes attacks
Nineveh, is deftd and kd
—633.

Media invaded by Scyths.
Later they invade Egypt,
are bought off, and de-
stroyed in Philistia. Herod,

Lydian war v Miletus — 620

Herod.
Egypt ? Psamatik takes

Ashdod after a 29 yrs

siege.

4

4

2nd Median attack on Nine-
veh*

Ass Destruction of Nineveh
by Medes andBabylonians.

( ia )

b.o. 643—620

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature.
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Thales of Miletus philos 6.

Rome AncuB is said to have
built 1st bridge over the
Tiber, haven of Oetia,
Fossa Quiritium and 1st
prison.

Rome Ancufl is said to have
instd the college of JFe-
tiales.

648
642

641
640

680
688
687

686
686
684

Egypt Sais under Psama*
tii z becomes the seat of
empire: Gk language in-
trodd.

Egypt The Labyrinth near
Lake Mceris was con-
structed under Psamatik i.

Cyrene colonized
Thera.

from

Or Wrestling and footraoe
for boys added to the
games. Gk inscript at the
2nd cataract belongs to
reign of Psamatik x.

688

689

Or Under Theagenes Me-
gara was adorned with
splendid buildings.

2nd Megarian colony at
Byzantium.

Selinus colonized from Me-
gara Hybl&a.

Ass Suicide of E Saracus.

? JEsop the fabulist b.

Gr Literature and art en-
couraged by Periander.

681
680

689

>

688
687
686

696

Or Sanguinary Laws of
Draco at Athens, judicial
court of Ephet® estabd.

694

698

699
691
690

( 13 )

b.o. 619—601

ao.

619

618
617
616

616

614
618
612

611
610

6O0

608

607
606

606

604

601

Political Histoby.

Borne Tarquinius Prisons K
— 578, extension of Senate
and equestrian centuries.

Or Cylon's vain revolt
agst the Eupatrids at
Athens.

Egypt oir Pharaoh Necho
K—-594 oir $on.

Bab Nebuchadnezzar K-
661— son.

Jewish Chxtboh
History.

Cir Prophecies and political
orations of Jeremiah.

Josiah killed at B of Megid-
do. Jehoahaz K 8 months
son, deposed by Neeho.
Jehoiakim K— 698 brother.

Cir Habakkuk * prophet.

After B of Garohemish Ne-
buchadnezzar takes Jeru-
salem, reinstates Jehoia-
kim, takes Daniel, Hana-
niah etc to Babylon.

Baruch recites Jeremiah's
warnings. Jehoiakim de-
stroys the scroll.

Jehoiakim renounces his
allegiance to Babylon.

Syrians, Moabites etc sent
by Babylon to harass Ju-
di»a.

? Daniel at Babylon inter-
prets Nebuchadnezzar's
dream, is made a go-
vernor.

( 14 )

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Or The execution of Cylon's
faction by Megaoles, taint-
ing the family of AIouub-
onidffl with sacrilege.

Or cir— 698 Contest betw
Athens and Megara for
possession of Salamia.

Egypt Necho invades Bab
Emp, marches through
Palestine, defeats K Josiah
at Megiddo.

Egypt cir Necho reduces W
provinces of Bab Emp —
606. Or War in Boeotia
of Athens v Mytilene.

Periander mediates betw
Athens and Mytilene.

Bab Egyptians defeated at
Carohemish by Nebuchad-
nezzar.

?War of Cvaxares v Al-
yattes. B interrupted by
eclipse.

i

b.o. 619—601

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Cir Xenophanes philos b.

Glaucus of Chios* invr of
art of inlaying metals.

Borne Instn of Laurentalia
Festivals.

618
618

A19

•

Borne Under Tarquin, Clo-
aca Maxima and Circus
Maxima*. Temple on Co-
pitoline begun.

Borne Under Tarquin, Se-
nate raised to 800, eques-
trian centuries doubled:
? insignia of royalty introdd
from Etruria.

616

Or cir Arion the Poet at
court of Periander. His
legendary adventures.

•

Or cir Arion of Lesbos in-
trods the dithyrambic ode.

616

614
618
618

*

AnaTimandflr nat phil 6.

Egypt A fleet of Pharaoh
Neoho's circumnavigated
Africa: canal begun to
join Nile and Bed Sea.

Or cir— 580 Martial and
erotic poetry of AIcsbus
and Sappho of Mytilene.
Alcaic and Sapphicmetxea.

611
610

*04

•

Or dr — 560 Choral poetry
of Stesichorus of Himera,
who introdd the Strophe,
Antistrophe and Epodus.
Myth of JSneas.

608

607
606

-

606

Bab K Nebuchadnezzar ace
a successful warrior and
the greatest builder known
to history.

Bab Arts and Sciences at
their acme, astronomy
especially studied; cities,
temples and palaces built
in this reign.

Eclipse predictedby Thales :
585, 584 ?

i

604
608

•

602

Camarina colonized from
Syracuse.

601

( 15 )

1

B.c. 600—584

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Chubch
Hibtoet.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

600

699
598

697

696
696

594

698

698

691

590
689

688

687
586

685

684

Or cir Athens under Solon
presses claim to Salamis.
Theagenes of Megara de-
posed by the oligarchs.

Or cir Sparta awards Sala-
mis to Athens.

Or Athens disturbed by fac-
tions of Pedieis, Parali and
Diacrii.

Egypt Psamatik n K— 688
son. Or Solon changes
Athenian oligarchy to a
timocracy.

Media Astyages E — 558 son,
? 595 — 559: in this reign
Media is allied with Lydia
and Babylon.

Pittacus tyrant of Mytilene
— 579, establs a constitu-
tion.

Egypt Pharaoh Hophra
[Apries Herod] K— 569

son.

Gr Psammetiohus despot of
Corinth— 581.

Jehoiakim d by violence.
Jehoiachin [Jeconiah] K
8 months son. Nebuchad-
nezzar sacks Jerusalem.
Zedekiah K— 586 uncle.

Cir Agitation in all Syria
agst Bab, wh is deprecated
by Jeremiah. Prophecies
of Ezekiel— 578 in Baby-
lonia.

Nebuchadnezzar punishes
Zedekiah's defection by
ravaging Judaa : Egyptian
party imprisons Jeremiah.

Jerusalem besieged — 586 :
great sufferings of citizens.

Capture of Jerusalem, de-
portation of Zedekiah and
inhabitants, loot of Tem-
ple.

Gedaliah the governor mur-
dered by Ishmael. Emi-
gration of Jews to Egypt.
" Lamentations " of Jere-
miah.

? Legendary martyrdom of
Jeremiah at Tahpanhes.
Cir Obadiah's prophecy
agst Edom,

( 16 )

Or Expulsion of the Alcmae-
onida from Athens.

Or Cirrhoan or Sacred War
—586.

Or Capture of Cirrha by
the Amphiotyons.

Egypt Hophra sends troops
to the relief of Jerusalem.

Or Conquest of Cirrhasans
completed.

? Tyre taken by Nebuchad-
nezzar after a 19 yrs
siege.

r

b.o. 600—584

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

Massilia colonized by Pho-

Chersiphr/m and Metagenes

caeans. Cir Pherecydes

architects, begin Temple

philos 6.

of Artemis at Ephesus.

1

Chilo, sage of Sparta d.

Thales* notes solstices, equi-
noxes, eclipses; philos of
Ionic school, water his
primary element; introds
arithmetic from Egypt.

Or Epimenides the Cretan

Cir Cultivation of Arts of

seer purifies Athens.

painting, architecture and
sculpture in Grand AsiaM.

Cir Sybaris and Croton at

Gr Earthenware and metal

Gr Solon legislates at

their acme of power and

manufactures were en-

Athens, founds new Coun-

prosperity.

couraged by Solon.

Gr cir Era of 7 sages*,
Thales, Bias, Periander,
Solon, Pittacus, Chilo,
Cleobulus. Cir Spread of
Buddhism in India.

cil of 400, passes the set-
sactheia: his 4 classes, 3
enfranchised.

Anacharsis, Scythian tra-

Anacharsis* reputed invtr

veller, at Athens.

of bellows, potter's wheel,
tinder, anchors.

Cir Cyrus 6. Legend of his

Gr Pythian games at Delphi

-escape from designs of his

for 1st time.

grand! Astyages. Herod.

Egypt The 1st true arch
dates from Hophra's reign.

Gr Pythian and Isthmian
games date from 586.

Periander d at Corinth, Ly-

cophron his son kd at

Corcyra.

«

B.C.

599
698

697

696
696

694

698

699
691

590
689

688

587

688

686

684

J,

( 17 )

b.c. 583—561

Political History.

b.o.

Jewish Church
History.

Waiw, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

688
682

681

680

678
678

677
676

676

674
678
678
671
670

669

668

667
666

666

664
668
668

661

Gr Psammetichufl and Cyp-
selids expelled from Co-
rinth, republ estabd.

Nebuzaradan the Babylo-
nian officer visits Jerusa-
lem, carries off 745 Jews.

'? Shadrach, Meshach and
Abednego in the fiery fur-
nace.

Snsa takes by Nebuchad-
nezzar.

Rome Servius Tullius E —
534, extended franchise,
made Borne head of Latin
confederacy.

Gr cir Solon leaves Athens.

Agrigentum Phalaris tyrant
ace.

Egypt Hophra deposed,
Amasis K— 526 perhaps
under Bab, afterw inde-
pendent (xxvirth dynasty
—525).

Lydia Croesus E — 554 eon,
(? 560—546), greatly ex-
tended the Lydian domi-
nion.

Gr cir Renewal of dissen-
sions at Athens.

Gr Solon returns to Athens :
faction of Pisistratns pre-
dominant.

Bab IUoarudamus [Evil
Merodach] E — 559 son.

Daniel interprets Nebu-
chadnezzar's dream: epi-
sode of the latter's insanity
—566.

)t Defeat of Hophra
ana 80,000 Gk mercenaries
by Amasis near Sais.

Lydia Croesus reduces cities
of Asia M. — 559.

E Jehoiaohin released by E
Evil-merodach from im-
prisonment.

( 18 )

' f

B.c. 583—561

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

Agrigentum colonized from

Gela.

Cir School of statuary at
Sicyon under Dipcenus
and Scyllis.

Rome under Servius, walls

Gr Primitive comedy of Su-

built, money first coined,

sarion at Ioaria. Borne

1st statue of a divinity.

Comitia centauriata, new
districts, and tribes instd
by Servius.

Cir Thales explores Egypt,

•

measures the Pyramid,

learns mathematical

truths.

«

Bab Nebuchadnezzar's

.

hanging gardens and canal

system—- 561.

Pythagoras b in Samoa.

Cir Solon studies Egyptian

Cir Fables of JEsop.

laws and history at Nau-

cratis and Sais. Phalaris'

brazen bull.

Egypt Safe at its acm6

Egypt Under Amasis cotton

under Amasis. Learned

was first used, Sais was

Greeks visit Egypt.

embellished, Temple to
Neith built.

•

Cir Legendary visit of So-

•

Gr cir Homeric poems edited

lon to court of Croesus.

by Pisistratus. Their pub-
lic recital. Nemean games
restored. Eugamon* of
Cyrene, poet. Borne 1st
Census.

Cir The Gk city Nauoratis

made the sole Egyptian

port.

B.O.

689
682

681

680

678
678

677
678

676

674
678
678
671
670

668

668

667
666

666

684

668
668

661

( 19 )

2—2

b.c. 560—543

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes. '

66O

Gr Pisistratus seizes Acro-

polis, becomes despot of

•

Athens. Kingdom of Cher-

sonese estabd by Miltiades,

lasts— 493.

650

Bab Neriglissar [Nergal-
sharezer] E — 555 brother-
in-law.

668

Media Empibe ended by
revolt of Cyrus the Per-
sian : rise of Persian Em-
pibe — 538.

•

667

656

•

Vain attempt of Gauls to
destroy Massilia.

565

Bab Laborosoarchod E —

Lydia Croesus invades Cap-

556, killed by Nabonadius

padocia.

[Labynetus] K— 538. Al-

liance of Bab, Lydia,

Egypt, and Sparta agst

Cyrus.

654

Gr Pisistratus banished

Gr Sparta takes the Thyre-

from Athens. Spartan

atis. Lydia Capture of

influence over two-thirds

Sardisby Cyrus, who leaves

of Peloponnese. Lydia

Harpagus to subdue Asi-

Empibe ends : ? 546.

•

atic Gks: ?646.

563

Subjection of Asiatio Gks

Syraousans destroy Cama-

by Harpagus. Persian

rina.

Empire extended East-

ward — 540.

662

661

650

Carth cir Bepubl. founded ;
acquisitions in Africa, Si-
cily etc. Egypt cir re-
covers her former pros-

•

perity under E Amasis.

X

649

648

Gr Pisistratus restd at
Athens.

647

Gr Pisistratus again ban-
ished.

646

646

.

644

Cir Persians conquer Gk
cities of Ionia,

648

( 20 )

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

b.c. 560—543

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.c.

Cleobulus of Rhodes one of
the 7 sages d. Stesiohorus
Gk poet d.

Cir Solon d.

Persia Cyrus* n of the
Achsemonidffl dynasty
(dating cir 700). Predeces-
sors Teispos, Cambyses i,
Gyrus i, Cambyses n.

Simonides of Ceos poet b.

Barca colonized from Cy-
rene. Croesus E of Lydia
captured with his treasure
by Cyrus.

China ? Confucius relig

reformer b.
Or Thales of Miletus d »t

90. Pythagoras at Cro-

tona.

Gr Temple at Delphi burnt.
Gr Anaximander d set 63.

? Gautama the founder of
Buddhism d. From th's
date the Ceylonese book
Pita Eattayan reckons.

Or cir Anaximander philos
of Ionic school, astronom
and geography introds the
sun dial, studies lunar
phases*

Gr Xenophanes* founder
of Eleatic philosophy, de-
nounces Homeric gods.
Cir Doric Temple at iEgi-
na. Statues of victors at
games.

Gr Pherecydes* of Scyros
philos.

Cir Ehoecus of Samos discvs
art of casting metals*

( 21 )

Gr cir Geograph work of
Anaximander (one of first
Gk prose writers), with
map.

Gr cir Lyrics of Anacreon
—514.

560

669

668

667
660

666

Persia Monumental inscrip-
tions begun under Cyrus.

664

668

662
661

660

Gr oir Poetry of Theognis
illustrating the social
struggle at Megara.

Cir Iambic poetry of Hip-
ponax.

649
648

647

646
646
644

648

b.o. 542—526

B.C.

642

641
640

580

688

687

686

635

684

688
682

581

630

629

628

627

628

Political History.

Bab Belshazzar (probably
associated in the govern-
ment) E — 638 son.

Bab taken by Cyras and
made a Persian capital,
Babylonian Empire bnds.

Or Final estabmt of Pisis-
tratus, despot at Athens
—527.

Borne L Tarquinius Super-
bus E — 609, enthroned by
Patrioians.

Samos under despotism of
Polyerates — 522, becomes
the first naval power.

Persia Cambyses E — 522
son.

Borne Tarquin extends do-
minion in Latium, plants
colonies.

Or Joint rule of Hippias
and Hipparchus at Athens
— 514 sons.

Egypt Psamatik m [Psam-
menitus] E — 525 ton.

Jewish Church
History.

Decree of Cyrus ordering
the return of Jews to Je-
rusalem.

Return of 42,360 Jews with
servants and vessels of
the Temple. Jeshua H
Priest.

Temple begun by Zerub-
babel and Jeshua. Oppo-
sition of Samaritan tribes.
Last of Daniel's visions.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Carth defeated at sea by
Fhoceeans. Persian inva-
sion of Babylonia. Cyrus
defeats Nabonadius, be-
sieges Babylon.

Bab carelessly defended by
Belshazzar, taken by stra-
tagem.

Borne Under Tarquin, Su-
essa was taken from the
Volscians, Gabii from the
Latins.

Letter of Behum and Shim-
shai to Ahasuerus [Cam-
byses] accusing the Jews.

? Persians under Cyrus cap-
ture Cyprus and threaten
Egypt.

( 22 )

b.c. 642—526

Biography and
Topography.

Cir Parmenides philos b at
Elea.

Borne Legend of TuIhVs
complicity in murder of
K Serving.

Anacreon at court of Poly-
crates.

Cir Gadea founded by Car-
thaginians.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Or Pisistratus d cousin of
Solon, demagogue despot,
embellished Athens, pa-
tronized literature and art.

Egypt K Amasis d, one of
the greatest and best Egyp-
tian kings.

Gr cir Anaximenes, teaches
that air is the source of
life. Temple to Olympian
Zeus begun at Athens.
? Corinthian Order invd by
Callimachus.

Or cir The 2nd temple at
Delphi completed.

Persia cir Religion of Zo-
roaster introdd. Gk co-
lonists introd the olive
and vine at Massilia.

Gr Pythagoras *, teaches
metempsychosis, disposi-
tion of world by measure
and numbers: inv musical
canon.

Borne Temple on Capitoline
was built under Tarquin,
and Circus Mazunus im-
proved.

Samos Under Polyorates
Temple of Hera by Bhoec-
oub and Theodoras : aque-
duct and mole.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.c.

Gr cir Lyric poetry of Iby-
cus of Bhegium.

Gr Under Pisistratus the
Homeric poems were col-
lected, literature and arts
encouraged.

? Zoroaster's Zendauesta.

Gr Tragedy and comedy of
Thespis at Athens.

Borne Constitution of Ser-
vius abolished. Legend
of Sibylline Books in this
reign.

Gr Poets at Athens under
Hipparchus, Lasus of
Hermione, Anacreon of
Samos, Simonidesof Ceos.

Gr Public Library 'at Athens.
Homeric poems rearranged.

643

641
640

639

638

637

636

686

684

688

632

631

630
689

628

627

626

( 23 )

b.c. 525—509

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

626

624

628

622

621

620

619

618

617
616

616
614

613

612

611
610

6O0

Egypt made a Persian Pro-
vince. Pharaoh dynasty
ended.

Persia Gomates [Pseudo
Smerdis] K 7 months, a
Magian impostor.

Persia Darius I K— 486,
son of Hystaspes,

Gaols occupy N E of Italy.

Gr Plateea tinder Athenian
protection.

Persia Darius divides Em-
pire into satrapies.

Gr Miltiades governs the
Chersonesus.

Gr Rigorous rule of Hip-
pias at Athens — 510.

Gr Naval supremacy of
Sparta.

Persia cir Darius adds the
Punjab and Scinde to the
Persian empire.

Gr Hippias and Pisistra-
tidse expelled: Clisthenes
founds Athenian demo-
cracy.

Rome Tarquin expelled :
aristocratic Republ estabd
with 2 annual consuls
chosen by Comitia.

Letter of Behum and Shim-
shai to Artaxerxes [Pseudo
Smerdis] who stops the
building of Jerusalem.

Daniel a president : is de-
livered from the lions.

Haggai and Zechariah pro-
phesy. Building of the
Temple renewed. Tatnai
complains to Darius.

Darius confirms the decree
of Cyrus and the Temple
is rebuilt.

Zechariah gives his decision
about fasting.

Completion and dedication
of the Temple.

Passover celebrated.

Egypt K Cambyses defeats
Psamatik at B of Pelu-
sium, takes Memphis, cru-
elly ravages Egypt. Gr
War of Spartans v Sami-
ans.

Egypt Persian expedition
into Ethiopia of 60,000
men, who all perish.

Egypt Thebes plundered:
6000 Egyptians removed
to Susiana,

Persian Empire disturbed
by revolts— -515.

Cir War betw Croton and
Sybaris— 510.

Murder of Hipparchus by
Harmodius and Aristo-
geiton.

Gr Sparta sends troops to
liberate Athens from Hip-
pias.

Crotoniates take and de-
stroy Sybaris. Gr Cleo-
menes K of Sparta sides
with Isagoras at Athens.
Borne siege of Ardea.

( 24 )

B.c. 525—509

Biography and
Topography.

Gr JSschylus b at Eleusis
in Attica.

Cambyses kills the god
Apis.

Polycrates despot of Samos
crucified. Pindar b near
Thebes. 6k colonies in
Thracian Chersonese.

Darius i, greatest Persian
K, noted both as conqueror
and administrator.

Cir New Tyre founded.

Cratinus Gk com poet b.

Cir Xenophanes philos d.

The Crathis turned through
the ruins of Sybaris.

Rome Violation of Lucretia
by Sextus. L J Brutus
and L T Collatinus first
Consuls.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

? Relig reforms of Confu-
cius in China.

Persia Coined money, a
scheme of taxation, and
a system of posts were
introdd by Darius.

Or cir Cimon of Cleonae
improves the art of paint-
ing.

Heraolitus* of Ephesus
philos, taught that tire was
the primary form of mat-
ter.

Or Statues of Harmodius
and Aristogeiton. Rome
Temple of Jupiter Capito-
linus consecrated.

( 25 )

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Gr Chcerilus of Athens ex-
hibits tragedy.

China ? Confucius remodels
the sacred books. Or cir
Hecatffius* of Miletus
histn, writes Periodus and
Genealogies.

Era of Pythagorean clubs
in cities of Magna Graecia.
Gr cir Poetry of Melanip-
pides.

Gr Telesilla* poetess of
Argos.

Gr Athenian Democracy;
univ franchise, 10 tribes
with 50 senators for each,
new dicasteria t year of 10
Prytanies, ostracism.

Rome The regifugium fes-
tival.

B.C.

625

624

523

622

621

620

610

618

617
616

515

614

613

612

511
510

609

b.c. 508—491

B.O.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

*os

Persia invades Scythia.
Rome war with Tar quins
helped by Etrurians and

•

other tribes — 496.

507

Persia Darius* retreat : Me-
gabazus left in Thrace.

6O6

Megabazus reduces Perin-
thus, Thrace and Proonia.

606

Darius takes Chalcedon and
Byzantium.

*04

Miltiades takes Lemnos.

6O8

•02

Rome Alliance with Sabines.

Persia Darius helps Naxian
exiles.

601

Unsuccessful siege of Naxos

V

by Aristagoras and Per-
sians.

500

Aristagoras deserts Per-
sians, heads revolt of Asi-
atic Gks, burns Sardis, is
helped by Athens.

400

408

Rome T. Lartius appointed

Persia revolt and recovery

Dictator for Latin War:

of Cyprus.

?601.

407

400

•

Rome Tarquin and Latins
defeated at Lake Begillus :
?499.

406

Persia defeats Ionian fleet
off Lade* and destroys Mi-
letus.

404

Rome Voting by tribes in-

Rome Plebs holds meeting

trodd.

on Mons Sacer.

403

Rome Sp.' Cassias' League

Carth cir Mago conqs Sar-

with the 30 Latin cities;

dinia. Persia takes Chios,

concessions to Plebs, Tri-

Lesbos and Tenedos.

bunes with right of veto.

402

Persia under Mardonius
conquers Macedonia. Rome
Famine.

401

Gr Demaratus E of Sparta

.Persia Mardonius retires

deposed, joins the Per-

into Asia. Rome Defeat

sians.

of Volscians by Coribla-
nus? Latins forced to join
Boman league.

< 26 )

b.o. 508—491

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Darius i crosses the Bos-

Gr Choral competitions at

SOB

phorus by a bridge of

the Games. Borne 1st com-

boats. Voyages of Scylax

mercial treaty with Carth ;

of Caria, mathemat musi-

Val Poplicola's lex de pro-

cian geograph.

vocations

607
606

Cir Pythagoras philos d at

Gr First regular comedy.

60S

Metapontum.

composed by Epioharmus
of Syracuse.

Borne cir Legends of Hora-

Parmenides* of Elea philos

Charon* of Lampsaous

604

tiu8 Codes and Mucius.

teaches rotundity of earth.

histn. Or Lasus* of Her-

Milan founded by the

mione lyric poet teaches

Gaols.

Pindar.

60S

Myitis and Go/rinn&poetesses

502

at Thebes, teach Pindar.

SOI

Anaxagoras philos b. Aris-

Or cir Ionic order of Archi-

India cir Sacred epic

ftOO

tagoras' overtures to

tecture. Ageladas* of Ar-

poetry.

Sparta and Athens.

gos, sculptor (taught Phi-
dias, Myron and Polycle-
tus). Cir Painted pottery
in Italy.

Gr cir— 465 Epinicia and

499

other poems of Pindar.
jEschylus excels Choerilus

and Pratinas in tragedy.

Aristagoras slain in Thrace.

Gr Pindar Pyth x. Borne
Office of Dictator instd:
?501.

498

497
496

Sophocles tragedian b at

495

Colonus.

Histiams father-in-law of

Or Tragedy of Phryniohus

494

Aristagoras crucified.

on Fall of Miletus.

Borne Temple of Ceres in

Borne Instn of Tribunes and

498

Circus. Tuscan style.

JSdiles, remission of debts.

-

Rome Instn of Comitia Tri-
buta: Lex Icilia for pro-
tection of Tribunes.

492

•

491

( 27 )

B.c. 490—477

B.C.

490

489

488

487

486

485

484

488

482
481

480

470

478

477

Political History.

Gr Themistocles and Aris-
tides leaders at Athens:
Athenian naval power be-
gun.

Persia Xerxes E — 465 son.

Borne League with Her-

nici.
Rome Quaestors first apptd.

Gr Ostracism of Aristide?.
Home Ascendancy of Fabia
Gens.

Carthage Dominion in Afri-
ca estabd — 409. Or Aris-
tides joins Council of Gk
leaders. Archaeanactidffi
found Kdm of Bosphorns.

Gr Athens refuses overtures
of Mardonius. Gk con-
federation.

Or Maritime supremacy of
Athens. Aristides reforms
Athenian constitution. Sy-
racuse Hiero despot — 467.

Jewish Church
History.

Xerxes confirms the privi-
leges granted to the Jews
by Darius.

? Divorce of Vashti by K
Aha8uerus [Xerxes] Cir
Joiakim son of Joshua H
Priest.

? Esther made queen by
Ahasuerus.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Persians under Datis and
Artaphernes invade Attica,
are defeated at Marathon
by Miltiades.

Or Miltiades invades Paros.
Rome besieged by Volsci
under Coriolanus ?

Egypt revolts agst Persia.

Egypt revolt suppressed by
Xerxes, who makes Achae-
menes, his brother, go-
vernor. Rome Fabius de-
feats Mqpi and Volsci.

Xerxes' vast preparations
for the conquest of Eu-
rope — 481.

Rome War with Veii — 474.

Rome Contests about Agra-
rian laws.

Terillus expelled from Hi-
mera applies to Garth for
aid. Persia Xerxes be-
gins his march, winters at
Sardis.

Xerxes in Gr. B of Ther-
mopylae, B of Artemisium,
sack of Athens, Gk victory
off Salamis; Gelon defeats
Carthaginians at Himera.

Athens occupied by Mardo-
nius. Gk victories of Pla-
tsea and Mycale.

Sestos taken by Xanthippus
the Athenian.

Gr Capture of Cyprus and
Byzantium. Aristides ge-
neralissimo. Rome 305
Fabii fight the Veientes
and are exterminated.

( 28 )

B.o. 490—477

Biography and
Topography.

Borne ? Coriolanus leaves
Borne for Autium.

Miltiades fined, d of wounds.

Borne Coriolanus spares
Borne, is afterw killed by
the Volsci ?

Borne Sp Cassias execd.

Or -dEschylus tragedian
gains his 1st prize. He-
rodotus historian b at Ha-
licaraassus.

Euripides Poet b at Sala-
mis. Leonidas E of Sparta
kd at B of Thermopylae
Antiphon orat b.

? Confucius Chinese relig
reformer d.

Pausanias Spartan general
at Plataea, intrigues with
Xerxes, and is recalled.
Borne Secession of 305
Fabii.

Athens rebuilt and embel-
lished by Themistocles.
Menenius cons disgraced.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Gr 1st Athenian fleet built
to punish JEginetans.

Borne Temple of Castor and
Pollux.

Xerxes cuts a canal through
Mt Athos— 481.

Cir Architecture, music and
drama fl in Etruria. Cir
Spanish mines worked by
Carth.

Xerxes builds a bridge of
boats across the Helles-
pont.

Zeno of Elea cir set 21 (pupil
of Parmenides) inventor of
Dialectics.

Or 1st stone theatre at
Athens. Fortifications of
Piraeus and Munychia.
System of mnemonics in-
vented by Simonides of
Ceos.

( 29 )

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Or Pindar Pyth vi.

Or Pindar Olymp ix.

Gr Chionides revives co-
medy at Athens. Dino-
lochus* com poet at Sy-
racuse.

Rome Sp Cassias' Agrarian
Law.

Or cir JEschylus improves
Gk tragedy, introduces
dialogue, scenery, dresses,
new dances. Pindar
Olymp x, xi.

Borne Ioilius revives Cas-
sius' Agrarian Law.

Gr cir Ode and epigrams of
Simonides of Ceos on B
of Thermopylae.

Gr cir The Thetes made
eligible for Athenian ma-
gistracy. Pindar Pyth in.

Simonides of Ceos gains
his 56th prize at Athens
with dithyrambio chorus.

B.C.

490

489

488

487

486

485

484

488

482

481

480

478

478

477

bo. 476—462

B.C.

470

Political History.

476

474

478

472

471

470

460

408

407

460

406

404

408

402

Or Cixnon extends Athenian
power in Thrace. Rome
Impeachment of consuls
by tribunes.

Fall of Etruscan naval
power.

Jewish Church
History.

? Hainan's antagonism and
downfall. Jews slay their
enemies. Instn of Feast
of Purim.

Agrigentum again a Bepubl.
Rome Publilius Volens Tri-
bune, and 471.

Or Temporary banishment
of Themistooles.

Or Pericles begins his po-
litical career at Athens.

Or Cimon leads aristocratic
party at Athens.

Sicilian democracies re-
estabd— 405.

Gr Conviction of Themi-
stooles at Athens and
Pausanias at Sparta.

Persia (Artabanus usurper
7 monthsJArtaxerxes Lon-
gimanus K — 425 son.

Gr Cimon persuades Athens
to help Sparta.

< 30 )

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Carth defeats Etruscans at
sea. Gr Cimon takes
Scyros.

Hiero dfts Etruscans at sea
near CumaB. Japygians
dft Tarentines. Rome
40 yrs truce with Veii.

Rome Disturbance about
Agrarian Laws. War with
jEqui and Volsci, the army
deserts App Claudius.

Gr Argives destroy Mycenss.
Rome Antium taken from
Volsci; contest betw Pa-
tricians and Plebs.

Or Cimon takes Naxos: his
victories at mouth of Eu-
rymedon close the war v
Persia.

Gr Bevolt of Thasos; be-
sieged by Cimon ; reduced
in 468. Rome War with
JEqui.

Gr Great earthq at Sparta :
Messenians and Helots re-
volt.

Gr Thasos cruelly reduced
by Athens. Rome Pesti-
lence.

Gr Cimon's troops rejected
by Sparta. Rome Defeat
of Volsci and JEqui.

B.o. 476—462

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

t% f%

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Cir Pindar, Baeohylides,

Gr Pindar Olymp nv.

47ft

Epicharmus and Simoni-

*»s

■

des at court of Hiero of

Syracuse.

Rome Servilius impeached

476

and acquitted.

Gr Pindar Pyth vii, n, xi.

474

Rome Genucius Tribune

478

impeaches Consuls of 474,

is killed. Publ Voleng re-

sists milit. conscript.

-

Gr Persa exhibited, 1st of

472

JSschylus' extant dramas;

•

Pindar Olymp xi, xii.

Thucydides historian b at

Cir Sect of empirics found-

Gr iEschylua' Seven against

471

Athens.

ed by Cleron of Agrigen-

Thebes; followed by Sup-

tum.

pliants and Prometheus.
Rome Lex Publilia, tri-
bunes and aediles to be
elected by the tribes.

Rome App Claudius oppo-

Gr Treasury of Delos.

470

nent of agrarian law im-

Phormis * com poet. Pin-

peached, kills hf.

dar Pyth i.

460

Gr iBsohylus defeated by

Gr Sophocles* takes prize

468

Sophocles in a tragic con-

for the Triptolemus: cir

test. Aristides Athenian

adds 3rd actor of Gk tra-

statesman d. Socrates

gedy.

philosopher h.

Gr Simonides of Ceos, poet,

Rome Agrarian Laws of

467

d at Syracuse. Andocides

JEmilius and Fabius.

orator b. Antium colo-

nized by Roman Plebs.

Pausanias Spartan regent

Diagoras* of Melos philos.

466

kd by starvation.

*

Gr Themistocles at court

Cir Theteum and PotciU

Rome Census 184,214 citi-

466

of Artaxerxes— 449. Rome

Stoa built at Athens.

zens.

Colony of plebeians at An-

tium.

Gr cir Charon of Lampsa-

464

■

cus, 1st critical Gk his-
torian. Pindar Olymp xin.

Polygnotus improves art of

Rome Calendars and consul-

468

statuesque painting at

lists coincide, and admit

Athens— 426.

of an accurate chronology.

Gr Pindar Pyth iv, v.

468

( 31 )

b.o. 461—449

Political History.

b.c.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

461

460

450

468

467

466

466

464

463
462

451

450

440

Gr Ostracism of Cimon:
6k treasury at Athens.
Pericles extends Athenian
democracy. Rome G Te-
rentilius Harsa, Tribune.

Egypt under Inarus and
Amyrtaeus K-455 (xxyinth
dynasty) revolts agst Per-
sia. Rome Cincinnatus
Consul.

Or Athens asserts supre-
macy.

Rome Cincinnatus dictator
for JEquian War.

Rome 10 tribunes apptd.

Gr Cimon recalled from
exile.

Cir Egypt mostly recon-
quered by Persia.

Rome Plebs win conflict
about reforms; commis-
sion apptd.

Syracuse predominant in
Sicily.

Gr Cimon's 5 yrs truce
between Athens and Pelo-
ponnesians. Rome De-
cemviri apptd.

Rome Decemvirate packed
by App. Claudius.

Rome Decemviri deposed,
consulate restored.

Letter of E Artaxerxes.
Ezra and 1754 Jews come
to Jerusalem with trea-
sure. Cir Eliashib H
Priest son.

Jews harassed by the neigh-
bouring tribes— -445.

Rome Earthq: commotions
abt TerentiUan Law — 454.

Egypt revolt agst Persia,
helped by Athens. Rome
Sabines seize Capitol, are
defeated by Valerius.

Gr Athens leagues with
Argos and Megara agst
Sparta. Rome Minucius
beset by Mqui, rescued by
Coriolanus.

Gr £ of Tanagra, Spartans
defeat Athenians. Rome
Peace with Volsci who are
ceded Antium.

Gr B of (Enophyta, Athe-
nians under Myronides de-
feat Thebans.

Gr Sparta reconquers Mes-
senians. Athens reduces
iEgina. Egypt Amyrtaeus
resists Persia— 449.

Gr Pericles' expedition v
Sioyon and Acarnania.

Cimon effects Gk alliance
v Persia.

Athenian fleet supports
AmyrtsBUS agst Persia, de-
feats Persians off Cyprus.
Cimon's Peace with Persia.
Rome Consuls defeat JEqui
and Sabines.

( 32 )

b.c. 461—449

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.c.

Gr Treasury of Delos trans-
ferred to Athens. Rome
Kaeso Quinctius son of
Cincinnatus banished by
Tribunes.

Gr Democritus philosopher
b at Abdera, Aristophanes
b at Rhodes, Hippocrates
b at Cos. Legend of Cin-
cinnatus* promotion from
the plough-tail.

Antium recovers its free-
dom.

Lysias orat b at Athens.

Gr JSschylus impeached,
leaves Athens for Sicily.

Gr JEschylus tragedian d
at Gela. Herodotus at
Samos.

Athens settles Messenians
at Naupactus.

Gr Cimon d at siege of Ci-
tium. Rome Siocius Den-
tatus kd by decemviri;
Virginia saved by death
from App Claudius.

J.

Cir Anaxagoras of Clazo-
men© conceives of a Su-
preme Nous, greatest Ionic
philos.

Long walls of Athens fi-
nished. <• •

Rome sends a committee to
Gr to study laws.

Gr Polycletus sculptor — 412
author of famous statue
of Hera,

Gr Great development of
art by Phidias— 432. De-
mophilus teaches Zeuxis,
paints terra-eotta figures
for Roman Temple of
Ceres.

Gr cir Pericles* instns at
Athens, paid dicasteries,
Areopagus remodelled.
Rome Terentilian Law for
reform of constitution pro-
posed.

Pindar Olymp vin.

Gorgias* of Leontium
rhetor — 417 teaches Peri-
cles, Thucydides, Alcibia-
des, Critias,

Gr JSschylus' Oresteia tri-
logy.

Gr Herodotus recites part
of his Hist. Rome Lex
Ioilia assigning the Aven-
tine to Plebs.

Gr Euripides gains prize
for the Peliades,

Gr cir Comedies of Cratinus.
Tragedies of Aristarchus.

Gr Pindar Olymp rv, v.

Gr Ion of Chios exhibits
tragedy. Rome Code of
10 Tables drawn up by
decemviri.

Gr cir Histories of Hellani-
cus. Crates* com poet,
Bacohylides* lyric poet.
Rome Code of 12 Tables,

Rome Leges Valeria make
plebiscita binding.

401

460

459

468

467

466

456

464

463

462

451

460

449

( 33 )

b,o> 448—434

B.C.

Political History.

448

447

446

446

443

442

441

440

430
438
487

486

436

434

Gr Concordat betw Persia
and Gk states. Rome De-
cemvirate abolished: con-
sulate and tribunate re-
stored.

Gr Boeotian aristocracies
restored after B of Chae-
ronea. Persia Insurrec-
tion of Megabyzus weakens
the empire. Rome 1st po-
pular election of Quaastors.

Rome The Tribunitia jpo-
testas renewed.

Jewish Chuech
History.

Gr By 30 yrs truce Athens
gives up all acquisitions ex-
cept Euboea. Rome Consu-
lar Tribuni militumS mths.

Gr Pericles supreme at
Athens. Thucydides os-
tracised.

Rome 1st apptmt of Censors
and duumviri navales.

Rome L Q Cincinnatus
again Dictator aet 80.
Rome Trib mil apptd.

Rome Instn of patrician
censorship of 18 months
duration.

Nehemiah sent to Judaea as
governor by K Artaxerxes.

Nehemiah rebuilds walls of
Jerusalem. ? Ezra begins
the Canon of Scripture.

Nehemiah's work opposed
by Sanballat and Tobiah.

— 133 Census, Feast of Ta-
bernacles, Day of Atone-
ment kept, Dedication of
the walls.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Gr Sacred War for posses-
sion of Delphi. Athens
helps Phocians, Sparta
Delphians*

Gr Boeotia rises agst Athens
and wins B of Chasronea.
Persia Bevolt of Megaby-
zus satrap of Syria.

Gr Euboea and Megara rise
agst Athens. Pleistoanax
K of Sparta invades At-
tica. Rome Mqui routed
near the walls. Syracuse
takes Agrigentum.

Gr Pericles suppresses Eu-
boean revolt. Spartans
invade Attica and retire;
30 yrs' truce.

Rome Volsci defeated : ter-
ritory annexed— 383.

Gr Samos conquered by
Athens under Pericles.

.Rome Famine. Benefactions
of Sp Maelius, his death.

War betw Corinth and Cor-
cvra. Corinth wins o3
Actium and takes Epi-
damnus.

Rome Border frays with
Etruscans — 425.

( 34 )

b.o. 448—434

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

T» ft

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Rome Lex Trebonia regu-

448

lates election of Comitia,

Or Tolmides Athenian ge-

447

neral kd at B of Chseronea.

Gr Pindar Pyth vin.

*

440

Pleistoanax banished for re-

Rome Ganuleian Law sanc-

446

ceiving Athenian bribes.

tions intermarriage, opens
consulate to Plebs.

Cir Aristophanes come-

Or Athens under Pericles

444

dian b.

becomes the centre of art
and refinement. Empedo-
cles* of Agrigentnm philos
and med.

Thnrii established as a

Gr cir Herodotus writes his

448

colony by Athens.

History at Thurii.

Ardea annexed by Borne.

Cir Ictinus, Callicrates and
Mnesicles, architects. Mi-

442

con paints battle-pieces.

\

Gr Euripides gains highest

441

prize for tragedy.

Alcamenes*, sculpt, his

Gr Comedies prohibited at

440

Aphrodite.

Athens. Antigone of So-
phocles, followed by Elec-
tro,, Trachinia, (Edipus
Tyrannus, Jjax—409.

489

Ahala exiled for mnrder of

Gr AlceHis of Euripides.

488

Sp Melius.

Athens colonizes Amphi-

Gr cir The Parthenon and

Gr Athenian law agst co-

487

polis.

Odeum at Athens com-
pleted. Phidias* Minerva.

medy repealed.

Isocrates orat b.

Gr Paintings of Polygnotus

Gr Cratinus takes prize for

488

and Panaenus in the Poi-

comedy.

kile.

Or cir Propytaa at Athens

Rome Lex iEmilia limiting

486

and Temple of Zeus at

censorship.

Olympia completed. Pro-

dicus of Geos philos.

Or cir Temples of Demeter

Gr Lysippus takes prize for

484

at Eleusis, Athena at Su-

comedy.

nium, Nemesis at Bham-

nus : Erectheum recon-

structed.

( 35 )

3—2

b.c. 433—420

Political History.

B.O.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

488

482

481

480

428

488

487

486

486

484

488

488

481

480

Or PericlespersuadesAthens
to ally with Coroyra. Rome
Trib Mil apptd.

Or Peloponnesian confe-
deracy at Sparta declares
war agst Athens.

Gr Ascendancy of Cleon at
Athens.

Rome Trib Mil apptd— 423.

Or Cleon refuses Spartan
overtures, undertakes to
take Sphacteria. Persia
Xerxes n K 45 days ton,
Sogdianus E — 424 brother.

Persia Darius Nothus K —
405 brother; decline of
Persian Empire.

Rome Consuls.

Rome Trib Mil apptd— 413.

Or 60 years truce betw

Nicias and Pleistoanax.

Rome 4 quaestors eligible

from Plebs.
Or Aloibiades' treaty betw

Athens and Argos.

Nehemiah makes the usu-
rers remit debts. ? He
returns to Persia.

Cir Jehoiada H Priest — son.
His son Manasseh marries
a daughter of Sanballat 1 .

? Supposed return of Ne-
hemiah: subsequently Ma-
nasseh is expelled and
Sanballat builds Temple
at Gerizim 1 .

Cir Prophecies of Malachi,
Somewhat later the Canon
of Scripture is oompleted.

Athenians join Coroyra v
Corinth.

Athenians and Coroyreans
defeat Corinthians off Sy-
bota. PoticUea revolts
from Athens.

Peloponnesian War — 404.
Thebans attack Plataea;
Arohidamus and allied
forces in Attica. Rome
cir Post Tubertas defeats
Mqoi and Volsci.

Or Arohidamus again in-
vades Attica; plague at
Athens.

Gr PoticUea surrenders.
Phormio defeats Spartan
fleet. Archidamus besieges
Plataea. Rome revolt and
capture of Fidenae — 428.

Or Athenians under Cleip-
pides besiege Mytilene.
Home Cossus defeats Yeii.

Or Mytilene razed. Plataea
taken by Spartans. Oli-
garchical party in Corcyra
murdered.

Or Athenian victory at Ta-
nagra. Earthquakes and
Floods. Plague at Athens.
Athenians purify Delos.

Gr Athenian naval victory
off Sphacteria. Surrender
of Spartans to Cleon.

Or Nicias ravages Laconian
coast. Athenians defeated
by Thebans at Delium.
Samnites take Capua.

Gr Truce for a yr. Rome
War with Volsci, Sam-
nites take Vulturnum.

Or Brasidas defeats Cleon
near Amphipolis.

Samnites conquer Cuxmo,

1 The details are here
Kchemiah and Sanballat,

uncertain. Josephus' account is hopelessly inaccurate, vide Diet qf Bible

( 36 )

B.o. 433—420

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.c.

Gr Anaxagoras, Phidias,
and Aspasia prosecuted.
Pericles pleads cause of
Aspasia. Phidias d.

Gr Pericles statesman d.
Plato philosopher b.

Rome Lars Tolumnius E of
Yeii kd by Cossus.

Gr Anaxagoras of Clazo-
menae d.

Fiden® razed by Romans.

Eubaa made an island by
earthq.

Gr Socrates and Xenophon
at B of Delium.

Gr Thucydides banished for
losing Amphipolis, is 20
yrs in exile.

Gr Brasidas Spartan gene-
ral fcZ. Cleon Athenian de-
magogue and general kd.

Cir Protagoras* of Abdera
philos : Era of Sophists,

Gr cir Myron's discobolus.
Meton astron, inv the
Golden Number,

Rome Temple dedicated to
Apollo.

Gr cir Apollodorus uses
light and shade in paint-
ing. Ictinus builds Tem-
ple of Apollo near Thigalia.

Gr cir Zeuxis* paints He-
len. Parrhasius* paints
Athenian Demos, gives
rules for proportions of
figures.

Gr cir Philosophic system
of Socrates.

Gr Medea and Philoctetes
of Euripides exhibited.
Euphorion traged defeats
Euripides and Sophocles.

Rome Lex Mulctarum for
tax-payment in money.

Gr Eupolis andPhrynichus
exhibit comedy at Athens.

Gr Hippolytus of Euripides.
Plato com poet exhibits.

Gr Aristophanes exhibits
the Datales at Athens.

Gr Acharnians of Aristo-
phanes.

Gr Hecuba of Euripides,
Knights of Aristophanes.
End of Sicilian History
of Antioohus of Syracuse.

Gr Clouds of Aristophanes.

Gr Wasps of Aristophanes.

Gr cir Heraclida of Euri-
pides ; followed by SupplU
ceSy Ion, Hercules Furens,
Andromache — 415.

Gr Andocides* A then orat
—391.

438

483

481

430

429

428

427

428

425

424

423

422

421

420

( 37 )

b.o. 419—406

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

410

418
417
416
415

414

413

412

411

410

409

408

407

408

Or Argos allies with Sparta
after B of Mantinea.

Or Argos again allies with
Athens.

Or Alcibiades persuades
Athenians to help Egista.

Or Pisander and Gharioles
demagogues ; condemna-
tion of Alcibiades.

Maced Brilliant reign of
Arohelaus — 399.

Or Alcibiades leagues with
Tissaphernes to destroy
Athenian empire in Asia.

Or Revolution at Athens.
Council of 400 rules 4
months. Constitution
restd. Alcibiades recalled.

Or Cleophon persuades
Athenians to reject Spar-
tan overtures. Syrac As-
cendancy of Diodes — 408.

Rhodes independent. Rome
1st Plebeian Quaestors.

ItowwTribMil— 393. Syrac
Diodes banished.

10 new generals at Athens.
Alcibiades banished.

Syracuse Dionysius seizes
supreme power, is despot
— 867, makes Syrac a lead-
ing state.

? Manasses expelled for
marriage with Sanballat's
daughter vide 425.

? Temple on Gerizim. Sect
of Samaritans vide 425.

Or Alcibiades helps Argives
to attack Epidaurus. Borne
Slave conspiracy.

Gr Spartans under Agis dft
Athenians at Mantinea.

Gr Athens assists Leontini
v Syracuse.

Gr Athenians conq and de-
populate Melos.

Or Athenian expedition to
Sicily under Niciae, Alci-
biades, and Lamachus,
capture of Catana. Athe-
nian riot abt mutilation
of Henna).

Or Athenians invest Syra-
cuse, Spartans under Gy-
lippushelp Syracuse. Rome
War v JSqui, Bola conqd.

Gr Spartans inv Attica and
fortify Deoelea. Athenian
army and fleet destroyed
at Syracuse.

Gr Lesbos, Chios, Miletus
etc revolt from Athens.

Gr Athenians lose Euboea;
dft Spartans at Cynosse-
ma. Rome Famine.

Gr Alcibiades dfts Spartans
and Persians at Cyzicus.

Carthage inv Sicily— 392,
destroys Selinus and Hi-
mera.

Gr Alcibiades recovers By-
zantium and Chalcedon.
Medes revolt unsuccess-
fully agst Persia.

Garth inv Sicily. Gr An-
tiochus pilot of Alcibiades
dftd by Lysander off No-
tium. Cyrus aids Spartan
cause— 404. Rome dftd
by Volsci.

Garth takes Agrigentum.
Gr Defeat of Callicratidas
Spartan admiral off Argi-
nus® by Athenians: exe-
cution of 6 generals at
Athens. .Rome Volsci dftd.
War with Veii— 896.

( 38 )

b.o, 419—406

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

. Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.c.

Boman Colony at Labici.

Or Aldbiades disgraced,
flees to Sparta: Andocides
orat turns informer.

Rome M Postumius Regil-
lensis kd for opposing di-
vision of spoils.

Suicides of Nioias and De-
mosthenes Athen generals.

Or Antiphon orat execd.

Or Mindarus Spartan ad-
miral kd at Cyzicus.

Plato attends lectures of
Socrates.

Or Return and 2nd expul-
sion of Alcibiades. Rhodes
city founded. Syrac Dio-
des kd in night attack.

Or Socrates refuses to pro-
ceed agst the 6 generals.
Euripides tragedian d set
74.

Maced Archelaus founded
the military system^ con-
structed highways and
forts.

Or Hippocrates* set 50
founder of medicinal

science.

Or Peace of Aristophanes.

Gr Lysias Athen orat* art
40.

Or Agathon takes prize for

tragedy.
Or Euripides' Palamedes,

Troades, Sisyphus. Xe-

nocles prize trag. Archip-

pus prize corned.

Gr Birds of Aristophanes.

Or Hegemon introds pa-
rody.

Or Andromeda of Euri-
pides. Antiphon philos,
orat 9 founded Couno of
400. Syrac Diodes' de-
mocratic Code.

Gr End of Thucydides'
Hist, Lysistrata and
Thesmophoriazusae of Ari-
stophanes. Franchise at
Athens restricted to 5000
citizens.

Rome Mfflnius' Agrarian
Law proposed.

Or Philoctete8 of Sophodes.

Or Orestes of Euripides.
Plutus of Aristophanes.

Rome Paid soldiers and war
tax. Gr (Edipus at Colo-
nus of Sophocles. Phot-
nissa, Bacchce and Iphi-
genia in Aulis brought out
by Euripides' son.

419

418
417
410
416

414

418

418

411

410

409

408

407

406

( 39 )

B.c. 405—392

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

406

403

402

401

400

809

808

397

396

806

804

808

Egypt Neferites i K— 399
(xxrxth dynasty — 384).
Persia Artaxerxes n K —
862 ton, opposed by his
brother Cyrus till 401.

Or Lysander estabs Decar-
ohies in Athenian towns.
The 80 tyrants rule at
Athens 8 months.

Gr M Year of anarchy " at
Athens. Theramenes' oli-
garchy of 10. Constitu-
tion restd by Pausanias
and committee of 15.

Gr cir Oppression of Spar-
tan harmosts in cities.

Rome 1st Plebeian Military
Tribune.

Egypt Aohoris K— 386.
Maced Period of distur-
bance— 359.

Sparta Agesilaus rr apptd
E to exclusion of Leoty-
ehides*

Gr States bribed by Persia
to war v Sparta, league of
Athens, Corinth, Argos
and Thebes.

League of Acheean cities in
Italy. Rome Consuls—
891.

Egypt throws off Persian
yoke. Gr Lysander dfts
Athenians off JSgospotami.
Borne Siege of Yen.

Carth Peace with Syracuse.
Gr Peloponn war ends:
Lysander takes and dis-
mantles Athens. Thrasy-
bulus, Athen exile, seizes
Phyle.

Gr Thrasybulus routs army
of 30 Tyrants, takes Pi-
reus.

Persia Cyrus dftd by Ar-
taxerxes &t B of Cunaxa :
retreat of 10,000 Gks.

Cir Gauls inv Italy; 10,000
Gks in army of Seuthes.

Sparta wars v Persia in
Asia under Thymbron,
Dercyllidas, and Agesilaus
— 894. Pestilence at Rome.

Carth Hamilcar dftd in Si-
cilly. Dercyllidas' truce
with Pharnabazus.

Dercyllidas' truce with Tis-
saphernes.

Carth Hamilcar again in
Sicily, besieges Syracuse,
retires. Celtic tribes seize
Melpum. Camillus takes
Veil Persia Agesilaus
inv Asia M.

Persia Tissaphernes dftd
by Agesilaus. Rome Cap-
ture of Capena and Fa-
lerii— 394.

Gr Corinthian War— 387.
Spartans dftd by Conon
off. Cnidus. Agesilaus dfts
allied Gks at Coronea.

Gr Sparta invs Corinth —
891. Carth. Dionysius dfts
Mago near Bhegium.

Carth seeks peace with Dio-
nysius. Gr Iphiorates de-
stroys Spartan mora.

( 40 )

Biography and
Topography.

Gr cir Herodotus histn d.
Sophocles trag poet d.

Critias and Theramenes
head oligarohical party at
Athens. Alcibiades kd by
Lysander's orders.

Pausanias supersedes Ly
sander as general. Thu-
cydides and Lysias return
from exile.

? City of Delhi founded.

Melitus, Lycon and Anitus
impeach Socrates, who
drinks the hemlock fflt 70.

Plato in Egypt. Rome Em-
bassy to Delphic Oracle.

Veii doomed to desolation.

Plato returns to Athens.
Conon the Athenian com-
mands Persian navy.

Xenophon histn banished,
retires to Scillus. Pisan-
der Spartan general kd in
B of Cnidus.

Xenarchus at court of Dio-
nysius. Yeientine terri-
tory divided among Plebs.

Cir Theophrastus philos b
in Lesbos.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

The "Ear of Dionysius" a
Sicilian cavern.

Cir Democritus* of Abdera
let 60, author of atomic sys-
tem, explains nature of
Milky Way; credited with
inventn of arch.

Cir Dispersion of Socratio
school: Megaric school of
Euclides. Inventn of ca-
tapult by Dionysius.

Gr Zeuxis and Parrhasius

painters.
Antisthenes founds school*

of Cynics.

Piraeus and Long Walls of
Athens rebuilt by Conon.
Iphicrates improves Gk
arms and tactics.

Aristippus founds Cyrenaic
school. Rome Tunnel
betw Anio and Alban Lake
completed.

( 41 )

b.c. 405—392

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Gr Frogs of Aristophanes.
Antimaohus* of Colophon
poet.

Gr Athenian franchise con-
fined to 8000 citizens.
Syrac Franchise extended,
navy enlarged, lands di-
vided.

Gr Archinus* and Cepha-
lus* orators. A then laws
reformed. Isocrates Agst
Euthynus. First public
use of Ionic Alphabet.
Rome Ms Vxorum tax.

Isocrates Agst Callimdchus.

Gr (Edipus at Colonus
brought out by the younger
Sophocles.

Gr Lycurgus* Laws modi-
fied: Spartan public trea-
sury.

Gr cir Dialogues of Plato.
Rome 1st lectisternium.

Gr Persian Hist of Ctesias
ends. Cir Philoxenus *
and Timotheus* poets,
Astydamus tragedn.

Isocrates 1 Concerning Team
of Horses.

Gr Isocrates 1 Against Lo-
chites. Cyropcedia, Ana-
basis and Hellenica of
Xenophon — 362.

Gr Isocrates' Epidicasia
and Trapeziticus.

The EcclesiazusG of Ari-
stophanes.

B.C.

405

404

403

402
401

400

800

808

307
308

306

304

303

802

b.o. 391—378

B.O.

•91

890

888

887

888

885

884

888

882

881

880

379

878

Political History.

Rome Trib Mil— 889. Ba-
nishment of Camillas.

Gr Persians espouse cause
of Sparta.

Rome Beoall and dictator-
ship of Camillas.

Rome Trib Mil— 375.

Or Accepts Persian arbi-
tration. Rome 4 new tribes
added, Etroria Romanized
—343.

Egypt Psammuthis E — 385.

Egypt Nepherites n K — 4
months. Gr Kise of An-
drotion at Athens.

Egypt Nectanebo i K—
366 (mth dynasty— 346).
Rome cir Closing of Latin
confederation. Syrac Dio-
nysins at highest pitch of
power.

Sicily The river Halycus
Carthagn boundary.

Gr Thebes seized by Spar-
tan faction.

Rome Tusculum incorpo-
rated.

Or Thebes liberated from
Spartan faction by Pelo-
pidas.

Or Thebes and Athens
leagued v Sparta.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Gr Agesilaos invs Acarna-
nia. Clusium besieged by
Gaols.

B at Allia. Brennua and
Gaols dft Romans.

Rome burnt by Gaols, who
remain 7 months. Ca-
millus suppresses JEqoi,
Volsci and Etruscans —
887. Successes v Volsci
—877.

Or " Corinthian war " ended
by Peace of Antalcidas.
Dionysios takes Bhegiom.

Or Agesilaos garrisons Pla-
tffia.

Or Spartans under Agesi-
polis destroy Mantinea.
Fere 10 yre war with Cy-
pres.

Carth War with Sicily, de-
feat of Dionysios ; peace.

Gr Olynthian war— 379,
Sparta v Olynthian con-
federacy. Rome War v
Praneste.

Cinoinnatus takes Praneste.

Gr Olynthos capitulates to
Polybiades and Spartans.
Pelopidas and Theban ex-
iles regain Cadmea.

Gr Agesilaos ravages Boeo-
tia.

( 42 )

b.o. 391—378

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

b.o.

Andocides Athen orat ba-
nished.

Conon betrayed and imprisd
by the Persians. Thrasy-
bulns kd at Aspendus.

Or jEschines orat 6. Cir
Plato yisits Sicily, is sold
for a slave in iEgina. Le-
gendary feats of Manlius
and Camillus. Borne re-
built.

Fidelity of Damon and Py-
thias Pythagoreans. Dio-
nysius colonizes Lissns,
Aicona, Numana, Hatria.

Evagoras general of Cy-
prian forces.

Aristotle philos b. Ctesias
leaves court of Artaxerxes.

M Manlius Capitolinus
execd as a demagogue.
Mago Garthagn general d.
Rome garrisons Sutrium.

Epaminondas* Theban
statesman ; Demosthenes
orat b. Philip of Macedon
b. Plebeian Colonies on
Ager Pomptinus.

Or Aristophanes corned d.
Agesipohs Spartan general

Lysias Athen orat d.

Rome cir Manipular legion
probably introdd by Ca-
millus.

Or cir Plato founds Aca-
demic school at Athens.

Cir Canal of Philistus con-
structed at mouth of Po.

Cir Temple of Artemis at
Ephesus finished : v 600.

Gr Milit tactics improved
by Epaminondas and Pe-
lopidas.

( 43 )

Plato com poet exhibits.
Isocrates' Agst the So-
pMsts.

Isocrates' Busiris.

801

890

880

Gr cir Dialogues of Plato —
347, Aristophanes' Plutus,
comedies of Nicochares and
Nioophron.

Gr Antiphanes* com poet.
Rome Ludi Capitolini
instd.

887

Alcteus* com poet.

Panegyricus of Isocrates.
Aristaeus on Conic Sec-
tions.

Gr New property tax at
Athens. " Sacred Band "
at Thebes.

880

885

884

888

888

881

880

870

878

b.o- 377—366

Political History.

B.C.

877
876

870

874

878

879

871

870

889

888

867

866

Rome Volscian territory
permanently occupied.

Rome Anarchy — 871. As-
cendancy of Sextus and
Licinins tribunes : Ple-
beian magistrates — 371.

Gr Jason of Phero elected
Tagus of Thessaly.

Gr Congress at Sparta.
"Peace of Callias" ac-
cepted by all states but
Thebes. Theban supre-
macy begun by victory of
Leuctra. Rome Reapptmt
of trib mil— 368.

Or Sparta and Athens al-
lied v Thebes.

Rome M Faring Camillas
dictator set 80, persuades
Patricians to yield.

Rome Trib mil abolished.
One Consul henceforth
Plebeian. Office of Pras tor
and Curule and JSdile
instd. Syrac Dionysius n
despot — 356 son.

Egypt Teos or Tachos E —
864. Or Headship award-
ed to Thebes by Persia.
Rome L Sextus 1st Ple-
beian Consul.

Jewish Church
History.

Cir Jonathan H Priest ton.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Cyprus dftd makes peace

• with Persia. Gr Cleom-
brotus repulsed at CithsB-
ron: Chabrias and Athe-
nians dft Spartans off
Naxos. Rome Contest of
Plebs v Patricians under
C Licinius and L Sextus.

Gr Cleombrotus attacks
Thebans in Phocis. Vic-
tory of Sacred Band at
Tegyra.

Gr Spartans expd from
Boeotia : Peace between
Athens and Sparta. The-
bans destroy Plataea. Ti-
motheus, Athen general,
takes Corcyra. Persians
inv Egypt, fail.

Gr Mnasippus and Spartans
inv Corcyra, fail.

Gr Iphicrates commands
Athen fleet. -

Gr B of Leuctra, Cleom-
brotus and Spartans dftd
by Epaminondas and The-
bans. Rome War v Ve*
litre.

Gr Epaminondas invs La-
conia. Sparta saved by
Agesilaus.

Carth 4th war with Syra-
cuse, and Peace. Gr Pelo-
Sidas imprisd by Alexan-
er, rescued. Orchome-
nus destroyed.

Gr " Tearless Battle " ; rout
of Arcadians by Archida-
mus and Spartans. Rome
Camillus dfts Senonian
Celts at Alba.

Gr Epaminondas in Achaia,
takes Oropus.

( 44 )

b.c. 377—366

Biography and
Topography.

Polydamas at Sparta, ex-
pelled from Pharsalus by
Jason.

Timothens restores Zacyn-
thian exiles.

Timothens prosecd and ac-
quitted, in 372 goes to
Asia. Borne garrisons Ne-
petae.

Gr Jason Tagus of Thes-
Baly, joins Theban cause,
aims at presidency. The-
bans found Megalopolis.

Gr Epaminondas emanci-
pates Messenians, founds
Messene. Democritus d.
Jason of Pherse assassd.

Pelopidas and Epaminon-
das condemned and par-
doned.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Gr Eudoxus* at 30, maps
the stars, observes move-
ments of planets.

Aristotle at Athens till 347.
Dionysius I of Syracuse d.

Gr Pelopidas imprisd by
Alexander of Pherro ; res-
cued by Epaminondas.
Plato invited to Syracuse
by Dion.

Diogenes Cynic philos at
40.

Gr Eudoxus* solar year of
365£ days. Rome Camil-
lus' Temple of Concord.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

( 45 )

Rome 3 Licinian Bogations
proposed.

Gr Eubulus and Araros,
poets of middle comedy ex-
hibit.

Isocrates' Oration on de-
struction of Platasa : Let-
ters to Demonicus and
Nicocles— 372.

Gr cir Leodamas*, Calli-
stratus*, Aristophon* ora-
tors. Tragedies of Asty-
damas jun and Philocles.

B.C

877
870

875

874

873

372

Isocrates' Encomium on
Helen.

Cir Dionysius of Syrac takes
1st prize at LenaBan festi-
val for Ransom of Hector.

Gr Aphareus exhibits tra-
gedy.

Rome Rogationes Licinia
passed. Ludi Max now a
4 days festival.

Archidamus of Isocrates.

371

370

369

368

367

366

b.c. 365—362

B.O.

866

•64

803
862

Political History.

861

860

868

868

867

866

666

864
868
862

Egypt Nectanebo u K— 846.

Or Downfall of Theban su-
premacy. Persia Death of
Artaxerxes n followed by
8 yrs of disturbance— 859.

Or General Peace. Arca-
dian constitute and Mes-
senian independence ac-
cepted.

Maced Philip u K— 336 son
of Perdiccas m. Persia
Ochus or Artaxerxes m E
— 838 son.

Bane Treaties with chief
Italian Tribes— 851.

Borne G M Kutilus 1st Ple-
beian Dictator. Syrac
Misrule of Dion — 358.

Or Independence of allies
secured by Social War.
Borne Consuls mostly Pa-
tricians — 342.

Borne Alliance with Sam-
nites.

Syracuse Anarchy — 343.

Tyrants of Phera expelled
by Philip.

Jewish Church
History.

Joshua, Jonathan's brother
made H Priest by Bagosas.

Contest of Joshua and Jo-
nathan. Joshua kd. Ba-
gosas invades Jerusalem,

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Or War of Arcadia v Elis.

Or Archidamus invs Arca-
dia. Eleans dftd at Olym-
pia. Thebans dft Alex-
ander at Cynoscephalae.

Or B of Mantinea, Thebans
dft Spartans and Manti-
neans. Persian Satraps in
Asia M rebel.

Gr Peace mediated by Per-
sia. Borne harassed by
Gauls— 358.

Borne cir Q Serv Ahala dfts
Gauls.

Philip of Maced dfts Uly-
rians. B of Methone,
Philip dfts Athenians.

Gr Philip seizes Amphipo-
lis. Social war, Athens v
her dependencies — 355.
Borne Victory of G Sulpi-
cius Peticus, retreat of
Gauls: revolt of Etruscan
towns — 351.

Or Sacred War, Thebans
and Loorians v Phocians
— 346. Phocians plunder
Delphian Temple. Syrac
Successful invasn of Dion
—356.

Persia Artabazus revolts in
Asia M, is helped by Philip
of Maced.

Persia Victories of Artaba-
zus.

Or Philip seizes
besieges Methone.

Or Philip conqs Thessaly,
is checked at Thermopylra
by Athenians. War of
Sparta v Megalopolis.

( 46 )

b.c. 365—352

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Phijip of Maced studies at
Thebes. Cir M F Camil-
las d.

Pelopidas Theban general
kd at Cynoscephalffi.

Or Epaminondas Theban
general kd at victory of
Hantinea.

Gr Gallistratns orator ba-
nished. Rome cir legend
of M. Curtius.

Agesilaus Spartan general
d in Egypt. Philemon
comedian b. Dion and
Heracleides banished from
Syracuse; Plato endanger-
ed.

Philip of Maced m Olym-
pias.

Democritus philos d. Hip-
pocrates med d. Cir Con-
troversy of Aristotle and
Isocrates.

Dionysins of Syrac expelled.

Alexander the Great b.

Temple of Ephesus burnt

by Erostratus.
Gr Jphicrates and Menes-

theus prosecuted.

Gr Timotheus exiled. Cir

Xenophon d set 90.
Dion of Syracuse assassd

by Callippus.
2000 Athen colonists arrive

at Samos*

Gr Bise of Praxiteles sculpt.

The Maced phalanx introdd
by Philip in his Illyrian

war.

Gr cir Scopas' statues of
Venus victrix, Niobe, Py-
thian Apollo, temple of
Athena Alea at Tegea etc.

Mausoleum of Artemisia at
Halicarnassus by Scopas.

Isocrates' Evagoras,

Rome Drama introdd from
Etruria.

Xenophon's Hellenica ends.
Rome Military officers
elected by burgesses.

Gr Theopompus' Hist be-
gins : Isseus* orat, teaches
Demosthenes.

Rome Lex Petilia agst
bribery proposed.

Cir First rhetorical writings
of Aristotle. Histories of
Sacred War by Demo-
philus and Callisthenes.
Rome Tax on manumis-
sion. Maximum interest
10 per cent.

Gr Alexis* comic poet.

Gr Demosthenes* Orat, Agst
Androtion. Isocrates* An-
tido8is t Areopagiticus and
On the Peace.

Demosthenes On the Navy
Boards and Agst Leptines.

Oratorical contest of Theo-
pompus and Naucrates.
Demosthenes' Agst Timo-
crates, Agst Aristocrates,
1st Philippic. Rome
Grants to liquidate debts.

866

804

868
862

86X

860

869

368

867

866

366

364
868
862

( 47 )

1

fc.c. 361—338

B.C.

861

360

840

848

847

846

846

844

848

842

841

840

889

Political History.

Rome G M Butilus 1st Ple-
beian Censor. Treaty with
Carth rivets Rome's hold
over Latins,

Egypt a Persian satrapy
till 332. Gr Philip at
head of Amphictyonio
Couno. Syrac Dionysius
n reestabd — 343.

Jewish Church
History.

Rome Alliance with Fale-
rii: all S Etrnria subject.
Syrac Timoleon restores
repub govmt ; deposes Si-
cilian despots — 340.

Gr cir Bise of JStolian
League. Rome . Latin
League dissolved.

Rome Publilius Philo dicta-
tor. Further abridgement
of Patrician privileges —
300.

Gr Philip summons con-
gress at Corinth. Persia
Arses E — 336 son. Rome
New incorporation of Latin
cities.

Jews help revolt of Sidon
agst Persia.

Cir Book of Tobit. Jericho
taken by Persians.

Jaddua H Priest son.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Egypt cir Invasn of Artax-
erxes in, who is dftd by
Nectanebo. Persia Revolt
of Cyprus and Phoenicia
suppressed.

Gr Athenians victorious at
TamynsB. Rome Gauls
encamp on Alban Mt.

Gr Olynthus attacked by
Philip, asks help of Athens.
Rome Camillas Crassus
dfts Gauls.

Philip besieges Olynthus.

Olynthus destroyed by
Philip. Cir Revolt of Cy-
prus put down by Phocion.

Carth War with Dionysius
ii in Sicily — 340. Egypt
reconqd by Artaxerxes m
who kills the bull Apis.
Gr Philip overruns Phocis.

Earthq in Campania.

Sicily Hicetas and anti-
Dionysian party negotiate
with Carth.

Timoleon and Corinthians
take Syrac. Rome 1st
Samnite War — 341, suc-
cesses of M V Corvus.

Gr Philip's expedition to
Thrace. Rome Mutiny
and rising of Plebs. Syrac
Carthagns dftd by Timo-
leon on the Crimesus.

Gr Philip besieges Selym-
bria, Perinthus and By-
zantium.

Rome Latin War — 338: vic-
tories at the Veseris and
Trifanum.

Gr Successes of Phocian
the Athenian agst Philip
in Thrace.

Gr War v Locrians, Philip
dfts Athenians and The-
bans at Chaeronea. War
declared agst Persia.
Rome Maenius dfts Latins.
Syrac Timoleon's treaty
with Carth,

( 48 )

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

b.o. 351

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

338

B.C.

Rome Care a civitas sine
suffragio.

Lais* courtezan at Corinth.

Plato philos d fflt 81. Ari-
stotle leaves Athens.

Gr Phocian cities destroyed
by order of Amphictyons.

Dionysius n retires to Co-
rinth, opens a boys' school.

Epicurus philos b, Ari-
stotle lectures to Alexan-
der in the Nymphffium.
Menander corned b. Philip
rebuilds Stageira.

Rome Legends of Deems,
and Manlius Torquatus ?
Anaxandrides Ok corned d.

Isocrates orat ks hf. Arta-
xerxes in kd by Bagoas.
Timoleon a private citizen
at Syrac — 336. Antium
again colonized by Rome.
Volscian and Gampanian
towns colonized — 328.

J.

Cir Hermogenes' Ionic
Temple of Bacchus at
Teos.

Cir Persian art of silk-
weaving at Cos ; Sicyonian
school of painting under
Pamphilus.

Speusippus succeeds Plato
at the Academy.

Aristotle's school at Sta-
geira. Rome Formation
of a fleet.

Or cir Encaustic painting
introdd by Pausias of Sic-
yon.

Xenocrates succeeds Speu-
sippus at the Academy.

Gr Erinna* poetess. De-
mosthenes' For tfie Rho-
dians.

Demosthenes' Agst Midias;
Olynthiac Orations — 348.

Or Heraclides* and Alec-
tryon*jpo«te. Rome Treaty
with Carth oldest extant
Latin document.

Gr Anaxandrides * com poet.
Rome Maximum interest
5 per cent.

Gr Demosthenes' On the
Peace. Isocrates' Philip-
pus.

Gr Lycurgus* and Hyperi-
des* Athen orators.

Gr 2nd Philippic of De-
mosthenes.

Gr jDemosthenes and JEs-
chines On the Embassy.
Syrac Timoleon's demo-
cratic code.

Isocrates' Panathenaic ora-
tion — 339. Rome Interest
forbidden by Lex Genucia.

Gr Demosthenes On The
Chersonesus; 3rd and 4th
Philippic.

Ephorus' History ends.

Rome Leges Publilia ex-
tending rights of plebs.

851

860

849

848

847

848

845
844

848

842

841
840
889

888

( 49 )

B.c. 337—327

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

887

888

886

884

888
882

881

880

888

888

887

Rome Publil Philo 1st Pie-
beian Prater. Federation
of Italian Gks under
Alexander the Molossian
—332.

Maced Alexander the Great
K— 323 (founds Maced
Emp) chosen generalissimo
by congress at Corinth.
Persia Darius m [Codo-
mannus] K — 331.

Cyprus transfers its alle-
giance to Maced.

Egypt divided into 2 no-
marchies by Alexander, but
allowed its own laws and
religion. Borne 29 Tribes.

Colony of 7000 Samaritans
sent into the Thebaidby
Alexander.

Cir Legendary visit of Alex-
ander to Jerusalem.

Maced Emp Govmt trans-
ferred to Susa in Bab.
Persia Pretensions of Bes-
bus— 329.

Maced Alexander marches
agst Thraoians. Bevolt of
Gk states agst Alexander.
He destroys Thebes.

Alexander crosses Helles-
pont, dfts Persians at
Granicus.

Alexander dfts Darius at B
of Issus.

Alexander takes Tyre and
Gaza; reduces Egypt.
Rome Treaty with Alexan-
der the Molossian, whom
the Lucanians dft.

Alexander dfts Darius at
Arbela and Gaugamela :
surrender of Babylon.
Agis of Sparta dftd by
Antipater i.

Alexander pursues Bessus
to Bactria. Rome Bevolt
of Fundi and Privernum.

Alexander captures Bessus,
dfts Scythians. Rome Pri-
vernum reduced.

Alexander conqs Sogdiana.

Alexander reduces India —
825, reaches mouths of
Indus. Rome Siege of Pa-
laeopolis, wh causes 2nd
Samnite War— 304.

( 50 )

b.c. 337—327

Biography and
Topography.

Alexander and Olympias
flee from Macedonia.

Timoleon liberator of Sicily
d. Philip of Macedon
assassd by Pausanias. In-
terview of Alexander and
Diogenes. Bagoasfts Arses;
enthrones Codomannus.

Rome founds fortress of
Cales. Memnon of Bhodes
a Persian general.

Memnon d before Mitylene v

Alexander the Molossian
assassd. Alexandria found-
ed by Alexander the Gt.

.aUschines banished from
Athens. Darius m hd by
Bessus. Phryne* courte-
zan, Praxiteles' model.

Alexander execs Parmenio,
his general. Rome colo-
nizes Tarracina. Vitru-
vius Yaccus d, last cham-
pion of Latin freedom.

Alexander mBoxana. Rome
founds fortress of Eregellffl.

Alexander Ju his friend
Clitus.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Prygoteles * the gem-en-
graver.

Gr cir Paintings and sta-
tuary of Euphranor at
Athens. Apelles at Pella,
paints Alexander, Aphro-
dite Anadyomene etc.
Choragio monument of
Lysicrates in Corinthian
style. Aristotle at the
Lyceum, founds Peripa-
tetic philosophy and Nat
Hist, perfects Logic.

Protogenes* of Bhodes
painter 9 rival of Apelles.

The grotesque in art introdd
by Antiphilus, an Egyptn.

Gr cir Praxiteles' statues
of Eros, Satyr, Cnidian
Aphrodite, Apollo Sauroc-
tonos etc Lysippus' sta-
tues of Alexander, Her-
cules etc.

Gr cir Lysistratus invts
moulds for casting of wax
figures.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

( 51 )

Theopompus' Hist ends.
Cir Pseudo-Soylax's Peri-
plus,

Cir— 322 Chief works of
Aristotle — Ethics, Hist of
Animals, Organon, Meta-
physics, Politics, Econo-
mics, Rhetoric, Poetics.

Gr Stephanus* com poet.

JEschines' oration agst
Ctesiphon, Demosthenes'
de Corona. Philemon
founds New Comedy.

India 7 castes now exist.

B.O.

337

333

333

334

332

330

339

328

327

4—2

b.o. 326—315

B.C.

826

835
824

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

828

822

821

820

818
818

817

816

816

India Taxilus E of Punjab
submits to Alexander, also
E Porus.

Gr Harpalus incites Athe-
nians agst Alexander.

Rome Embassy to Alexan-
der the Gt.

Maced Emp divided among
Alexander's generals; Phi-
lip ArrhicUeus nominal E
half-brother; Perdiccas re-
gent. — 321; Maced Gr govd
by Antipater and Cra terns.

Egypt Dynasty of Ptolemies
begun by Ptolemy i [Lagi]
governor— 306, E — 283.
Maced Perdiccas aspires
to empire.

Maced Emp Antipater re-
gent — 318 (satraps Asia M
Clitus and ArrhidsBus ; Bab
Seleucus; Egypt Ptolemy
Lagi; Susiana Antigonus).
In Gr iEtolian League ex-
tends its power.

Indian provinces of Alexan-
der recover independence.

Maced Emp Polysperchon
regent; Cassander son of
Antipater chiliarch. Pon-
tus indep; Mithridates i
E— 302. Rome 31 Tribes.

Gr Athens placed by Cas-
sander under Demetrius
Phalereus. Syracuse Aga-
thocles despot — 289.

Maced Emp Antigonus rules
Asia, aspires to Emp of
Alexander. Cassander

rules Maced and Gr — 298.

Syria Python enthroned by
Antigonus.

Judffia under Laomedon of
Mitylene.

Onias H Priest son. Jews
resist Ptolemy i.

Egyptians under Nicanor
take Jerusalem on the
Sabbath. Deportation of
100,000 Jews. Judaea un-
der the Ptolemies— 203.

Porus dftd by Alexander.

Sangala taken: 70,000

prisoners.
Rome Samnite war carried

into Apulia — 322.

Gr "Lamian War" agst
Maced — 322 ; Leosthenes
dfts Antipater.

Gr B of Crannon and sub-
mission of allied Gks.
Maced Perdiccas conqs
Cappadocia. Rome Suc-
cesses of Q Fabius Max,
desperation of Samnites.

Wars of Macedn satraps:
army of Perdiccas joins
Ptolemy Lagi. Rome Army
spared by the Samnite O
Pontius at Caudium.

Antigonus wars v Eumenes,
Ptolemy v Laomedon.

Rome Successes of L Papi-
rius Cursor agst Samnites.

Coalition of Ptolemy, Cas-
sander, and Antigonus v
Polysperchon, and Eume-
nes. Nicanor seizes Pi-
raeus. Rome Truce with
Samnites — 316.

War of Garth v Syracuse —
306.

Eumenes given up by his
troops to Antigonus. Suc-
cesses of Cassander in
Macedonia. Rome Sam-
nite War renewed.

Coalition of Seleucus, Pto-
lemy, Cassander, and Ly-
simachus agst Antigonus;
war — 311. Rome Fabius
dftd at Lautul®.

( 52 )

Biography and
Topography.

Baoephalia and Niceea
founded.

Harpalus at Athens; bribes
the orators.

Demosthenes fined for cor-
ruption, retires to Trce-
zen. HephsBstion friend
and general of Alexander
d, is made an Egyptian
deity.

Alexander d at Babylon.
Satrapies given to Ptolemy
Lagi, Python, Antigonus,
Eumenes, Leonnatus, Me-
nander, Asander, Near-
chus. Diogenes Cynic d.

Aristotle d at Chalcis. De-
mosthenes ks hf. Arrhi-
daBUS m Eurydice grand-
daught of Perdiccas in
of Maced.

Perdiccas kd by his soldiers.
Craterus kd in B v Eu-
menes.

Python Median satrap flees
to Seleucus' court.

Demades orat execd by
Cassander.

Phocion orat execd at
Athens.

Olympias mother of Alex-
ander the Great kd by
Cassander. Thebes re-
built by Cassander. Arce-
silaus philos b at Pitane.

Seleucus flees to Egypt.
Xenocrates philos d.

bo. 326—315

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Nearchus sails from Indus
to Persian Gulf.

Deinocrates* archit: built
Alexandria, and colossal
monument to Hepheestion,
restd Temple at Ephesus.

Wars of Alexander and suc-
cessors spread Gk lan-
guage, and bring Oriental
science into Europe.

Egypt Under Ptolemy i
— temples rebuilt; Heph-
stadion, Museum, empo-
rium of Alexandria, light-
house of Pharos; papyrus
used for books.

Theophrastus succeeds Ari-
stotle at the Lyceum.

A diving bell used in Egypt.
Rome cir colossal statue
of Dioscuri.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Cir Sceptic school founded
byPyrrhoofElis. Crates*
Cynic philos.

Demetrius Phalereus
bellishes Athens.

em-

Btilpo* philos of Megarian
school, taught Zeno.

Polemo succeeds Xeno-
crates in the Academy.

Borne Lex Poetilia Papiria
for relief of debtors.

Gr Timocles* com poet.
Demades* and Charicles*
orators. Dinarchus orat
speaks agst Demosthenes.

B.C.

326

326

324

323

Gr The Orgi 1st comedy of
Menander (known as the
Prince of New Comedy —
291).

Gr cir Aristoxenes on music.

Gr cir— 287 Theophrastus'
History of Stones, Treatise
on Plants, Moral Charac-
ters.

322

321

320

319
318

317

313

315

( 53 )

b.o. 314—302

i

B.O.

818

818

811

810

809
808

807

806

806

804

302

Political History.

Seleucus Nioator begins
Kdm of Seleucida 1 in In-
ner Asia — 280. Borne App
Claudius censor enfran-
chises the excluded classes.

Maced Emp Peace con-
cluded betw Antigonus
and Satraps.

Gr Demetrius Poliorcetes
restores democracy in
Athens, and reinstates
Pyrrhus in Epirus.

After B of Salamis Antigo-
nus claims title of K; so
do Ptolemy, Seleucus, Ly-
simachus, and Cassander.
Final break-up of Maced
Emp.

Jewish Church
History.

Antigonus master of JucUea.

Jews settle in Alexandria.

Rome Increase of territory
by 2nd Samnite War.

Rome Territory of .ffiqui
and Marsi annexed.

Pontus Mithridates H E —
266 cir, son.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Antigonus wrests Tyre and
Phoenicia from Ptolemy.
Rome Defeat of Balanites
at Ginna.

Bab Media Susiana and
Persia reduced by Seleu-
cus. Egypt Ptolemy dfts
Demetrius at Gaza, an-
nexes Cyprus. Rome Re-
capture of FregellaB and
Nola from Samnites.

Rome Exploit of Bubulcus
in Samnium. Etruscans
join Samnite cause.

War of Ptolemy v Antigo-
nus in Asia M and Gr.
Rome Fabius successful
agst Etruscans, victory of
Lake Vadimo. Syracuse
Agathocles dftd at Himera,
invs Africa.

Rome L Pap Cursor and Sp
Carvilius dft Samnites.

Rome Etruscans sue for
peace. Fabius dfts Sam-
nites at AllidflB.

Cir Scythian invasn of
Caledonia?

Cyprus lost to Egypt by
sea-fight off Salamis, where
Demetrius dfts Ptolemy.
Antigonus vainly invs
Egypt. Syracuse Peace
with Carth.

Demetrius' unsuccessful
siege of Bhodes. Treaty
betw Seleucus and the In-
dian Sandrocottus. Rome
Postumius routs Samnites
at Bovianum.

Demetrius dfts Cassander
at Thermopylae; reduces
Greece — 302. Rome Peace
concluding 2nd Samnite
War.

Lysimachus reduces Asia
Minor. Ptolemy conqs
Phoenicia and Syria.

* This kingdom, of which Antioch became the capital, will be henceforth referred to as Syr Kdm.

( 54 )

B.c. 314—302

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Gr JEschines orat d. Rome
Fortresses founded in Apu-
lia and Campania — 312.

Great fleet of Antigonus
built in Syria.

314

Capua, Saticula, Suessa
colonized by Borne.

Syr Kdm of 72 satrapies,
cities of Antioch, Seleucia,
Apamea, Laodicea founded
—280.

Boxana and young Alexan-
der kd by Cassander.

Oir Hecatffius explores Up-
per Egypt, visits Memno-
nium etc. Via Appia con-
necting Borne and Capua
— 308. Ancestral monu-
ments of App Claudius in
Temple of Bellona.

Rome Rise of jurisprudence,
poetry, rhetoric under App
Claudius.

318
312

311

Rome Bubulcus' Temple to
Salus— 302.

Gr cir Demetrius Phalereus
on philosophy, history,
government etc.

810

Carvilius erects colossal
Jupiter on the Capitol.

303
308

Demetrius Phalereus leaves
Athens : afterw becomes
librarian to Ptolemy i.

Cir Zeno philos founds
Stoic school.

India The Book Attha-
kathat

307

Cir Epicurus set 35 teaches
philosophy at Athens.

Gr Philochorus * histn.
Rome Cn Flavius* Calen-
dar of Court Bay 8, and
Formula. ?312.

306

Rebuilding of Thebes com-
pleted. Statius Gellius,
Samnite general, a Boman
prisoner.

Gr The Helepolis siege-en-
gine of Demetrius Polior-
cetes. Rome Paintings of
Fabius Piotor in Temple
of Salus.

805

Rome Degradation of the 4
city tribes by Q Fabius.

304

Gr Anaxippus* com poet.

803

Pyrrhus E of Epirus exiled,
m daught of K Ptolemy —
296. Antigonus ks Mith-
ridates i. Demochares
exiled.

Rome cir Via Valeriana be-
gun.

802

( 55 )

b.o. 301—289

B.O.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

801

800

999

298

887

998

996

994

999

999

991

990

989

After B of Ipsus Lysima-
ohus receives Asia M; Se-
leucas Cappadocia, Meso-
potamia etc. Egypt ab-
sorbs Phanicia.

Rome Social straggle ends
in favour of Plebeians.

Maeed Gr Philip rv K— 297
son of Cassander.

Gr Athenians refuse to re-
ceive Demetrius. Maced
Kdm divided betw Antipa-
ter and Alexander brothers
—294.

Epinu K Pyrrhus restd,
extends his dominions.

Demetrius Pol expels La-
chares from Athens. Maced
Antipater and Alexander
brothers dispute the suc-
cession — 294.

Cyprus henceforth attached
to Egypt. Maced Gr De-
metrius Pol K— 287. Syr
Kdm Seleucus gives Upper
Asia to his son Antioohus.

Pontus Mithridates in an-
nexes Cappadooia and
Paphlagonia.

Rome Samnium made a
subject ally.

Syrac Hicetas expels M»-
non, rules as Prator—
278.

Judaea under Egypt.

Cir Simon the Just H Priest
son: Jews patronized by
Seleucus.

Eleazar H Priest brother.

Schools of Antigonus So-
chseus.

( 66 )

B of Ipsus: Lysimachus
and Seleucus dft Antigo-
nus and Demetrius.

Rome 3rd Samnite War —
290: Etrurians etc league
with Samnites.

Rome ravages Samnium,
but Gallius Egnatius
marches into Etruria. De-
metrius besieges Athens.

Rome Gauls and Umbrians
join Samnites. Decisive
victory of Decius and Fa-
bius Max at Sentinum.

Rome L Papirius Cursor
dfts Samnites.

Rome Samnites dft Fabius
Gurges. Victory of Fa-
bius Max.

Lysimachus dftd by the
Get®.

Maced Demetrius' futile
invasn of Epirus. Rome
Samnites conclude peace
with M Curius Dentatus.

b.c. 301—289

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Antigonus kd at B of Ipsus.
Lysimachus m Arsinoe,
danght of Ptolemy. Car-
seoli colonized from Borne.

Narnia colonized from
Borne. Seleuous m Stra-
tonice danght of Deme-
trius ; founds Antioch on
Orontes as Syr capital.

Gir Antipater m Enrydice
danght of Lysimachus.
Alexander m Lysandra
danght of Ptolemy.

Antipater ks his mother
Thessalonioa. PublDecius
Mus kd at B of Sentinum :
coast fortresses of Min-
turneB and Sinuessa.

Maced Gr cir Alexander kd
by Demetrius, Antipater
by Lysimachus. Lysan-
dra m Agathocles son of
Lysimachus.

Many Samnite towns ob-
literated by Romans.

Gr Dinarchus Athen orat
returns from exile. Rome
C Pontius, Samnite gene-
ral execd.

Venusia colonised from
Borne. Menander Gk com
poet d.

Rome founds fortress of
Hatria. Syrac Agathocles
poisoned by M&non.

Gir Grantor* philos Acad.

Egypt cir Discoveries of
Euclid mathemat; cotton
trade at its acme\ Rome
cir Via Flaminia connect-
ing Borne with Narnia.

Rome Bronze wolf of Gapitol
set up by the Ogulnii.

Rome Temple to Venus-
Aphrodite.

Rome Colossal Jupiter and
other bronze statues cast
from Samnite spoils: sun-
dial set up by L Papirius
Cursor.

Colossus of Rhodes by Cha-
res and Laches — 280.

Rome Via Appia extended
to Yenusia.

Rhodian school of Art fl.
Gir 2nd Academy begun
by Aroesilaus.

Gr Hieronymus* of Cardia
historian. Grantor* 1st
commentator on Plato,
wrote On Grief.

Gr cir Sacred Memoirs of
Euhemerus of Messene.
Rome Ogulnian Law, Pon-
tificate and Augurship
open to Plebs.

Alex cir Ptolemy's Museum
or College with Professors
and a large Library.

Alex Demetrius Phal li-
brarian (?) and professor.

Gr Apollodorus* poet of
New Comedy.

Gr Demetrius celebrates
Pythian games at Athens.

Cir Callias of Sicily writes
Roman History. Posidip-
pus* com poet. Rome
Triumviri capitales instd.

301

800

909

208

207

200

205

204

208

202

201

20O

280

( 57 )

b.c. 288—276

B.C.

988

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

987

980

986

984

988

989

981

980

979

978

977

976

Maced Gr Coalition of
powers agst Demetrius
Pol.

Maced Gr divided betw
Lysimaohus E — 281 and
Pyrrhus E 7 months.

Egypt Ptolemy Philadel-
phia ton assoed in govmt.

iEtolian league agst Maced.
Sicily Mamertines estab
thems at Messana.

Egypt Ptolemy n [Philadel-
phus] E — 247 son. Rome
annexes Etruria. Celtic
tribes expelled from Italy.

Maced Gr Seleucus Nicator
E[— 280.

Maced Gr Ptolemy Cerau-
nus E— 279. Syr Kdm
Antiochus i [Soter] E —
261 son. Rome Appius
Claudius refuses the terms
of Pyrrhus.

Maced Gr Period of anarchy
— 277 ; Ascendancy of Sob-
thenes. Rome League with
Carth agst Pyrrhus.

Maced Gr Antigonus Go-
natas E — 239. Galatia
peopled by fugitive Celtic
tribes.

Gr Growth of Achaean
League.

Cir Commencement of the
Septuagint translation ;
?277.

? Sadok pupil of Antigonus
founds sect of Sadducees.

Ptolemy n shews favour to
the Jews.

Ptolemy invs Gr, Pyrrhus
and Lysimaohus inv
Maced. Demetrius Pol
dethroned : Lysimaohus
expels his colleague Pyrr-
hus.

Rome Rising of Tarentines
Etruscans and Celtic mer-
cenaries. Scythians inv
Bosphorus.

Rome Defeat of Metellus at
Arretium. Ravages of Ma-
mertines in N E Sicily.

Dolabella dfts Etruscans
and Celts at Lake Yadimo.

i2om«Eabricius saves Thurii
from the Lucanians.

B of Corupedion, Lysima-
chus dftd and kd by Se-
leucus. Tarentum aided
by Pyrrhus in war with
Rome. Rhegium held by
Campanian mutineers —
271.

Maced Gr Invasn of Celts ;
Ptol Ceraunus dftd and
kd. Rome War v Pyrrhus
and Italian tribes — 274:
defeat of Lawinus near
Heracleia.

Maced Gr Advance of Celts.
Rome Pyrrhus wins B of
Asoulum.

Gauls in S Gr : repulsed at
Delphi. Pyrrhus in Sicily.

Pyrrhus seizes Carthagn
towns in Sicily. Rome
Capture of Croton and
Locri.

Rome Pyrrhus besieges Li-
lybaBum.

( 58 )

B.c. 288—276

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Canal from L Yelimus cut

288

by M. Curius Dentatus.

Archimedes mathemat b.

Strato succeeds Theophras-

Rome Remission of debts.

287

Theophrastus philos d.

tus in Peripatetic school.

Demetrius Pol taken by Se-

Rome Hortensian Law.

280

leucus, remains prisoner,

Plebiscita binding on all

d in 283.

citizens.

Ptol Ceraunus eldest son

Length of solar year fixed

Cir Oldest Roman epitaph,

286

of Ptolemy i disinherited,

by Dionysius' Canon.

L Scipio's (consul 298).

seeks court of Lysimachus.

Egypt cir Aristarchus of

■

284

Samoa guesses that the

sun is the earth's centre.

Rome Introdn of silver

plate.

Memphis capital of Pto-

Egypt Under Ptolemy n,

Alex Ptolemy n patronizes

283

lemy ii.

lighthouse on Pharos

Gk literature, Zenodotus

finished; Temple of Isis

of Ephesus Librarian,

p

on Phils begun; canal

200,000 rolls in Library.

uniting Nile and Bed Sea;

port of Arsinoe.

Lysimachus instigated bv

282

Arsinoe and Ceraunus ks

A W^B

his son Agathocles.

Borne learns art of fortifi-

281

cation in war v Pyrrhus.

Ceraunus ks Seleucus Nica-

Egypt cir Water clock and

Alex cir — 250 Euclid's

280

tor, m his half-sister Arsi-

water engines of Ctesibius :

Geometry ; Ctesibius' Hy-

noe (Lysimachu8 , widow),

Erasistratus* founder of

drostatics; Aratus and Pe-

ks her sons. She m Pto-

medic school, Groir Paint-

tosiris on Astronomy ;

lemy ii. Cineas Pyrrhus'

ings of Pamphilus and

Poetry of Theocritus, Cal-

ambassador to Borne.

Melanthius.

limachus, and Philcetas;

Chrysippus the Stoic b.

Textual criticism of Ho-

Praxiteles sculptor d.

mer*

C Fabricius in the camp of

279

Pyrrhus.

278

Metrodorus epicur philos d.

•

277

Eratosthenes geogr, astron

Rome Elephants introdd in

Cir Berosus' Hist ofChaldaa

276

b at Cyrene.

Curius' triumph.

inGk.

( 59 )

B.o. 275—261

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

976

Syrac Hiero n Protor —

Antiochus Soter dfts Gauls.

270.

Pyrrhus again in Italy,
dftd by Curius nr Bene-
ventnm. Macedn garri-
sons expd from Gk cities.

874

278

Maced Or Antigonns ex-
pelled by Pyrrhus — 272.
Rome Treaty with Egypt.

Pyrrhus seizes Macedon.

272

Maced Gr Antigonns restd.

•

Pyrrhus helps Cleonymns
to seize Sparta, is re-
pulsed. Rome secures Ta-
rentum by Milo's treachery.

271

Rome Bhegium taken from
Campanian mutineers.

270

Syrac Hiero n elected E of

Sicily Defeat of Mamer-

Sicily — 215.

tines by Hiero.

266

Rome War v Pioeni— 268.

268

Athens taken by Antigonns
Gonatas.

267

Rome acquires Salentum
and Brundisium.

266

Revolt of Cyrene agst
Egypt: Ptol Philad mas-
sacres 4000 Gauls ; Maced
Antigonus dfts Alexander
of Epirus.

266

Borne 8 Questors. Mamer-

Rome Q Fabius Max quells

tdnes received into Italn

Yolsinian rising.

confederacy.

264

Rome App Claudius helps
Mamertines in Messana,
hence 1st Punic War —
241. Magas of Gyrene fails
v Egypt.

268

Pergam Enmenes i K— 241

M Yal Maximus dfts Car-

nephew.

thagnsandSyracns. Hiero
becomes a Roman ally.

262

Rome dfts Garth in Sicily,

#

takes Agrigentum.

261

Syr Kdm Antiochus n

Cir Manasses H Priest bro-

Syr Kdm War v Galatians,
Antiochus Soter dftd and

[Theus] K— 246 son.

ther. Syrian citizenship

given to Jews by Antio-

kd.

•

chus ii.

'*■

( 60 )

b.o. 275—261

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C;

Pyrrhus retires to Epirus.

Or cir " Laocoon n of Age-

Cir Bion* of Smyrna and

275

sander, Polydorus, and

Moschus* of Syracuse Gk

Athenodorus. " Farnese "

poets.

Hercules of Glyoon. ?

" Farnese" Bull of Apol-

lonius and Taurisous. ?

Enphorion poet b at Chalcis.

274

Borne Colonies at Posidonia

279

and Cosa.

Pyrrhus kd at Argos. Theo-

Rome 2nd aqueduct built

Theocritus begins his

272

critus retires to Syracuse.

by M. Curius.

Idyll*.

Livius Andronicus taken

from Tarentum to Borne.

271

Epicurus, Polemo, and Stra-

Hermachus Epicur succeeds

270

ta philosophers d.

Epicurus ; Lycon Peripat
succeeds Strato.

Rome Silver money first

Antagoras * of Rhodes poet.

260

struck. God Argentinus.

Roman currency enforced

in Italy.

Roman fortresses at Bene-

Alex cir Manetho Hist of

268

ventum and Ariminum.

Egypt.

267

Philetaerus collects Library

266

at Pergamus.

Volsinii destroyed.

Volsinii is said to have pos-

Rome Re-election to censor-

266

sessed 2000 bronze statues.

ship illegal. End bf Hist
of Dionysius Halicarn.
Polybius' Hist begins.

Hanno Garthagn general

Rome cir Tiles first used

Record of Pariah marble

264

crucified. Nicomedes E of

for roofing. Gladiators

ends. Rome 1st Gladia-

Bithynia founds Nieome-

introdd by M and D Bru-

torial show.

dia.

tus.

Zeno Stoic philos d set 92.

Cir Invntn of parchment at

Ptolemy n stops export of

263

M Valerius Maximus takes

Pergamus. Rome M Val

papyrus to Pergamus.

surname Messalla.

Max improves sun-dial,

introds Gk hours : 1st his-

torical fresco. Cleanthes

Stoic succeeds Zeno.

Philemon Gk corned d set

Hist of Timaeus the Sici-

262

97.

• •■

lian. Myth of -Eneas de-
veloped. Timosthenes on
nautical geography. Py-
theas' Voyages.

i

•

■

261

( 61 )

b.o. 260—246

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

260

Cir Eeign of Asoka in India

Rome Duilius' naval victory

—230.

off Mylffl.

309

Rome L Scipio ravages Sar-
dinia and Corsica — 258:
capture of Malta.

958

257

Rome Drawn B v Carth off
Tyndaris.

256

Or Aratns frees Athens;

Rome wins great sea-fight

she joins Achaean League.

ofEcnomus: Begulusinvs
Africa, takes Tunis.

255

China Chow dynasty falls.

Rome Defeat and capture

Or Achaean League elects

of Begulus by Xanthip-

Marcus of Cerynea as

pus: fleet destroyed by

strategus.

storms.

254

Rome Capture of Panormus.
Syr Kdm Revolt of Par-
thia and Bactria.

258

Rome 1st Plebeian Pont

Rome Fleet again destroyed

Max.

by storms.

252

Rome Aorelius Cotta

Rome Aurelius successful v

cons.

Carth in Sicily.

251

Bitkyn cir Zeilas K— 228

Or Sicyon taken by Aratus,

son. Or — 240 Achaean

included in Achaean Lea-

League used by Aratus to

gue. Rome Metellus dfts

check Maced; includes

Hasdrubal at Panormus.

Sicyon etc.

250

Bactriq cir Kdm founded
by Tneodotus the Syrian
Satrap, K— 237. Parthia
Arsaces i E — 248 founds
dynasty of ArsacidaB ( —
ad 226). ? 256— 253.

248

Rome Claudius dftd off Dre-
panum; Junius' fleet ship-
wrecked ; Capture of Eryx.

248

Parth Tiridates [Arsaces n]

Rome besieges Libybseum

K— 211 brother. ? 253—

and Drepanum.

216.

247

Egypt Ptolemy m [Euerge-

Sicilian towns retaken by

tes] K — 222 nephew.

Hamiloar Barca — 242,

246

China Che Hwang-te 1st

Onias n H Priest son of

Hamiloar ravages Italian

' ' universal Emperor " —

Simon.

coast. Wax of Egypt v

210. Syr Kdm Seleucus h

Syria.

[Callinicus] E— 226 son.

*

( 62 )

Biography and
Topography.

Xanthippus the Spartan
saves Carthage.

Cir T M Plaatus Lat com
poet b.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Rome 1st fleet of quinque-
r ernes. Corvi or boarding
bridges invented. Colum-
na rostrata for Duilius'
victory.

Embassage of Regains, his
legendary death.

Antiochns n divorces Lao-
dice, m Berenice daught
of Ftol Fhilad.

Antiochns n poisoned by
Laodice: Seleucus n her
son. Se-gan Foo the Chi-
nese capital.

Cir Ecdemns and Demo-
t>h&neB philo88 enforce doc-
trines of Plato's Republic
at Cyrene.

Hieronymns * Bhodins epi-
cur philos.

Egypt tinder Ptolemy in —
temple of Earnak en-
larged; temple at Canopus
built; latitudes fixed by
Eratosthenes.

Che Hwang-te's palace at
Se-gan Foo— 210.

b.o. 260—246

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Lyoophron* of Chalcis au-
thor of the Alexandra.
Rome Burials within the
walls prohibited.

Sosibius grammarian of La-
conia now favorite of Ptol
Philad.

Cir Heraclitus* of Halicar-
nassus and Philostepha-
nus* of Cyrene poets.
Rome 1st Ludi Seculares
celebrated.

Nymphis' Hist of Heraclea
ends. Alex under Ptolemy
ni — Apollonius Bhodius'
Epic on the Argonauts,
Eratosthenes geograph&nd
histn, Aristophanes gram-
marian and librarian,
Apollonius mathemat.

Euphantus of Olynthus
writes contemp Hist. China
All records were destroyed
by Che Hwang-te. (? in
213).

B.C.

260

269

268
267

266

266

264

263

262

261

260

240

248

247

246

( 63 )

b.0. 245—230

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
Histort.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

946

Aehaan League Aratus

Hamilcar retakes Eryx.

strategus.

Ptolemy m invs Syr Kdm
and reduces E Provinces
—243.

844

Gr Agis xy attempts to re-

Parthians occupy Hyrcania.

form Spartan constitution

•

—241.

243

Achaan League joined by

Ptolemy m makes a thank-

Conquests of Ptolemy m

Corinth, Megara etc.

offering in the Temple.

mostly recovered by Se-
leucus ii. Hamilcar op-
posed by Fundanius at
Eryx. Corinth seized by
Aratus.

942

Rome takes Malta from
Carth. Syr Kdm Civil
war of Antiochus v his
brother Hierax: Ptolemy
m acquires Media and
Babylon.

941

Pergam Attains i E — 197

Rome 4th fleet raised, vic-

cousin, Rome possessed

tory of C Lutatius off

of Sicily by 1st Punic

the JSgates: end of 1st

War; 35 Tribes.

Punic War. Carth war
with the mercenaries —
238.

940

980

Maced Demetrius, n E —
229— son.

988

Rome Annexation of Sar-

Rome War t? Boii— 236.

dinia. Embassy to iEto-

Syr Kdm war v Parthians

lians, 1st Boman inter-

—236.

ference in Gr.

987

Bactria Diodotus n cir E —
222 cir son. Rome An-
nexation of Corsica.

.

996

Carth Annexation of S

Rome Celtio tribes inv Italy,

Spain by Hamilcar — 228.

are dftd. . Syr Kdm Seleu-

Gr Cleomenes m E of

ous h dftd by Parthians.

Sparta— 221.

986

Rome Temple of Janus
closed.

984

Rome Risings in Sardinia
and Corsica.

988

982

281

Rome Sardinia and Corsica
reduced.

280

Rome Ambassadors kd by

«

Q Teuta.

( 64 )

Biography and
Topography.

Agis iy Spartan reformer kd.

Cleanthes Stoic d ®t 90.

Q Ennins Lat poet b.

Hamiloar enters Spain with
Hasdrubal bis son<in-law
and Hannibal his son aet 9.

M P Cato Bom reformer b.

G Flaminius assigns Pice-
nian lands to Roman co-
lonists.

Teuta* queen of the Illy-
rian pirates.

J.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Egypt Conon astronomer
notes places of fixed stars,
names the "Coma Bereni-
cis." Egyptian spoils of
Cambyses restored to
Temples by Ptolemy m.

Lacydes succeeds Arcesi-
laus in 2nd Acad. Lysi-
m&chuB* philos.

Rome cir Via Flaminia
extended to Spoletium.
Chrysippus* Stoic philos.

Eratosthenes * geogr per-
fects armillary sphere,
measures earth, fixes 1st
parallel of latitude.

fee. 245—230

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Poem of Callimachus
the Coma Berenicis.

on

Rome Instn of the prcetor
peregrinus : Proscription
of lot-oracle at Proneste.

Rome Census 250,000 citi-
zens. Neanthes* of Cy-
zicum hutn.

Rome M L Livius Andro-

nicus adapts Gk drama.

1st play at Borne.
Grseco-Egyptian Inscripi

relating to apotheosis of

the Euergetffl.

Rome Njevius' plays from
the Gk— 203.

Rome Sp Carvilius read-
justs Lat Alphabet.

MSS of JEschyluB, Euripi-
des and Sophocles pledged
to Ptolemy for 15 talents.

Rome Agrarian Law of C
Flaminius.

Rome Export of silver money
to Celts prohibited.
Alex Macho* com poet.

B.C.

246

244

243

242

241

240

289

238

237

236

235

234
233

232

231
230

( 65 )

B.a 220—219

B.O.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

229

227

220

225

224

228

221

220

219

Or Athens joins Achaean
League. Maced Regency
of Antigonus Doson. Rome
Coasts of Dalmatia placed
under Demetrius of Pha-

ros.

Bithynia cir Prusias I K —
180 son. Borne 1st em-
bassy into Gr.

Carth Hasdrubal succeeds
Hamilcar in govmt of
Spain— 220: Treaty with
Borne. Rome Proconsuls
instd for Sardinia and
Corsica.

Gr Reforms of Cleomenes
m at Sparta, Ephors abo-
lished, Senate trans-
formed. Achaean towns
join Sparta. Syr Kdm
Seleucus in [Ceraunus] E
—223 son.

Rome 2nd embassy into Or,
admitted to Athenian ci-
tizenship.

Syr Kdm Antiochus in (the
Great) K— 187 brother.

Bactria Euthydemus cir E
— 200 cir. Egypt Ptolemy
iv [Philopator] E— 205 son.

Or Timoxenus praetor of
Achceans. Heracleidean
line at Sparta ends with
Cleomenes m. Ephori kd
by Spartans.

Carth Hannibal succeeds
Hasdrubal in Spain.
Maced Philip y K— 179
son of Demetrius ii. Rome
C Flaminius removes the
freedmen from the cen-
turies.

Onias n refuses the Egyptn
tribute.

Athenion at Jerusalem, de-
mands 24 yrs arrears of
tribute : Joseph nephew
of Onias mediates.

Joseph farms Egyptn re-
venue.

Joseph to niece of Ptolemy

in.

Rome Reduction of Illyrian
pirates. Peace betw Pto-
lemy m and Seleucus n.

War of Cleomenes n v Ara-
tus and Achaean League.

Cleomenes n dfts Achaeans.

Rome Conquest of Cisalpine
Gaul— 222: victory of Te-
lamon.

Achaeans assisted by Anti-
gonus Doson agst Cleome-
nes. Colossus of Rhodes
destroyed by an earth-
quake.

Rome Flaminius dfts Insu-
brian Gauls.

Marcellus dfts Insubrians
at Clastidium. Cn Corn
Scipio takes Mediolanum.

Or Antigonus and Achaeans
dffc Cleomenes, enter
Sparta. Rome Submission
of Veneti, conqt of Istri.

Gr Social war, Philip v and
Achaeans v JEtolians — 217 .
War of Rhodes v Byzan-
tines. Syr Kdm Antio-
chus m quells Molo's re-
volt.

Egypt war v Syria — 217:
capture of Tyre and Ptole-
mais. Carth Hannibal be-
sieges Saguntum. 2nd Pu-
nic TFar-201. Mm Paullus
dfts Demetrius of Pharos.

< 66 )

B.c. 229—219

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

•» **

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.O.

Antiochus Hierax a fugitive

China Literature again en-

223

and prisoner in Egypt.

couraged.

China Lew Pang's capital

at Ho- nan afterwat Chang-

gan.

Hamilcar Barca Carthgn

Gr Romans admitted to

238

general d. New Carthage

Isthmian Games.

founded by Hasdrubal.

Achean fortress of Athe-

netim.

Rome Treaty with Hasdru-
bal.

227

Lyeon peripat philos d.

233

Rome cir Chronicles of Fa-

226

bius Pictor and Cinoius

Alimentus — 205.

Cir Plautus writes comedies

224

— 184. Plautine pieces in

vogue.

223

Ptolemy iv ks his mother

Egypt under Ptolemy rv.

Nsavius' Clastidium, Ca-

222

and brother, m Arsinoe

Immense ships built,

pitoline record of B with

his sister, ks her in 208.

Temple to Homer.

Insubrians: ? corrupted.

Marcellus ks the Insu-

brian Yiridomas.

Cleomenes hi flees to

Archimedes* fet 66 discvs

Euphorion poet and gramm,

221

Egypt. Rome cir Plaoen-

laws of statics, hydrosta-

librarian at Antioch.

tia, Cremona, Mutina,

tics, conic sections eto.

Parma, Mediolanum, Bri-

-

xia, Comnm, Verona,

Mantua eto colonized.

Hasdrubal assassd. G Fla-

Rome Via Flaminia ex-

Rome cir Law limiting ton-

220

minius* 1st professed Bo-

tended to Ariminium.

nage of private merchant-

man demagogue.

Circus of Flaminius.

men ; Flaminius adds 2nd
Festival "plebeian games."
Phylarchus* histn.

Pacuvius Lat tragedn 6.

Archagathus * Boman med.

213

( €7 )

5—2

b.o. 218—207

Political History.

b.c.

218

217

216

216

214

218

212

211

210

208

208

207

Achaans. Aratus again stra-
tegus. JEtolians Agelaue
strategus. Borne Q Fabius
Max dictator after B of
Trasimene. Varro's fac-
tion elect Minucius co-
dictator.

Rome Patricians cancel
electn of Marcellus to Con-
sulship. M Fabius Buteo
last dictator with full
powers.

Jewish Church
History.

Palestine surrendered to
Antiochus by Theodotus
governor.

Simon n H Priest son.

Syrae Bevolution, royal
family kd, Hippocrates and
Epicydes seize power.

Syrae absorbed by Borne.

Parth Artabanus x [Arsa-
ces in] K— 196 son. ? 210
—196.

Achaans Philopcemen stra-
tegus.

Ptolemy iv tries to enter
the Sanctuary.

Jews help Ptolemy iv
suppress a revolt.

to

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Antiochus in dfts Egypt
at Forphyrea. Hannibal
crosses Alps, dfts Romans
on Ticinu8 and Trebia.
Gn Scipio in Spain.

B of Baphia, Ptolemy xv
dfts Antiochus in. Han-
nibal crosses Apennines,
dfts Bomans at Trasi-
mene. The Scipios reduce
N Spain.

Hannibal dfts Bomans at
Cannae, is joined by Ca-
pua and S Italians.

T S Gracchus slaughters
Capuans, Marcellus cuts
off a Carthagn regiment.

Gracchus frees slaves, dfts
Hanno. Treaty of Philip v
with Hannibal. Syracuse
besieged by Marcellus —
212.

Tarentum betrayed to Han-
nibal.

Rome Syracuse taken by
Marcellus. Blockade of
Capua. Cn and F C Scipio
dftd and kd in Spain.

Rome leagues with JEto-
lians agst Philip v, takes
Zacynthus etc. Mutin
Carthagn general in Sicily.
Fabius takes Capua.

Rome takes Anticyra and
JEgina, recovers Sicily.
P C Scipio takes New Car-
thage.

Philip v helps Achseans.

Attalus K of Pergamus

helps Rome and JEtolians.

Fabius takes Tarentum.

Hasdrubal marches

through Gaul.
Hannibal dfts Marcellus

nr Venusia. Hasdrubal

winters at Marseilles.

B of Mantinea Philopcemen
dfts Machanidas and Spar-
tans. Nero dfts Hasdru-
bal at Metaurus.

( 68 )

Biography and
Topography.

Cincius histn one of Han-
nibal's prisoners.

Cons C Flaminius kd at
Trasimene.

Hiero E of Syracuse Roman
ally d. L Mm Paullus kd
at Cannae.

QFabius Max* the "shield,"
M Claud Ma reel lu 8* the
" sword " of Borne.

Aratus poisoned by Philip v.

Carneades philos b at Cy-

rene.
Archimedes mathematician

kd at siege of Syracuse »t

77.

P Corn Scipio (Afrioanus)
in Spain set 24.

Defection of Mutin to Rome.
P C Scipio offered King-
ship in Spain. Rome sends
throne and robes to Pto-
lemy IV.

Philopoemen * of Megalo-
polis Plutarch's " last of
the Greeks." Marcellus
cons kd in B.

Hasdrubal brother of Han-
nibal kd at B of Metaurus.
Cir Polybius histn b at
Megalopolis, son of Lycor-
tas. Chrysippus Stoic &

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Evander succeeds Laoydes
in 2nd Academy.

Engines of Archimedes used
in defence of Syracuse.
The great wall of China
begun by the Hwang-te.

Treasures of Gk Art brought
from Sicily to Borne by
Marcellus.

Cir First gold coinage struck
at Borne.

( 68 )

B.c. 218—207

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Claudian Law debars Se-
nators from mercantile
pursuits.

Rome cir 3rd Festival, that
of Ceres.

Rome Oppian Law limiting
extravagant dress ; tax of
ship money.

Rome 4th Festival, that of
Apollo.

B.C.

218

217

216

215

214

213

212

211

Rome Coinage depreciated
the patriotic loan.

210

209

208

207

i.o. 206—195

Political History.

B.C.

aoo

ao6

ao4

203

aoa

aoi

aoo

100

108

107

100

m

Bactrian Emp extended in
£ by Demetrius. CWtw
Han dynasty begins, lasts
— 9 ai>. Gr Nabis tyrant
of Sparta— 192.

Egypt Ptolemy v [Epipha-
nes] £ — 181 son ®t 6.
Borne P C Scipio and P L
Crassus consols.

Achceans Philopoemen again
strategus. Carth resigns
foreign territory, pays fine
to Borne for 50 years.
Egypt Lepidos regent —
199.

Bactria cir Demetrius K —
180 cir son.

Egypt Aristomenes regent.
Rome P G Scipio censor
and head of senate.

Borne T Q Flamininus cons.
Cato procons in Sardinia.

Maced Philip resigns Gk
cities, pays fine to Borne.
Pergam Eumenes u K —
159 son. Borne 2 Prators
for Spain.

Carth cir Oligarchy over-
thrown, democracy estabd.
Egypt Ptolemy v of full
age let 14. Or declared
free by T Q Flamininus at
Isthm games. Parth Pria-
patius [Arsaces rv] E —
181. Pontus Pharnaoes I
E — 160 cir son.

Borne M P Cato cons settles
affairs in Spain. Or Fla-
mininus frees Argos.

Jewish Church
History,

Judea submits
chusin.

to Antio-

? Wisdom of Jesus son of
Sirach.

B nr source of Jordan, Soo-
pas recovers Palestine for
Ptolemy.

Scopas and Egyptns ex-
pelled by Antiochus and
Jews.

Onias in H Priest son.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Scipio drives Carthagns
back to Gades. Mago
crucifies Suffetae of Gades
wh surrenders to Rome.
Hannibal in Bruttium —
203.

Mago invs N Italy. Rome
withdraws from Gr: peace
with Philip v.

Scipio in Africa, dfts Sy-
phax and Hasdrubal.

Successes of Scipio in
Africa, defeat of Mago in
Italy. Hannibal recalled
to Oarthage.

B of Zama, Scipio dfts
Hannibal.

Carth accepts Scipio's
terms. 2nd Punic War
ends. War of Bomans v
Boii and Insubres — 191.

Borne 2nd Maced War —
197. Sulpio Galba invs
E pirns. Boii besiege Pla-
oentia and Cremona. *

JStolians join Bomans, are
dftd by Philip nr Pharca-
don. Bomans dftd by
Insubres.

Borne T Q Flamininus dfts
Philip v. Antiochus in
dfts Scopas near Pauias.

B of Cynoscephalffl. Flami-
ninus dfts Philip, who
comes to terms. Bout of
Boii. The Spaing revolt
agst Borne.

Borne M P Cato dfts insur-
gents in Spain; Spanish
fortresses dismantled.

( 70 )

B.c. 206—195

Biography and
Topography.

Agathocles Egyptn regent
and family murdered*

Enmua brought to Borne
by Gato.

Q Fabius Max general, and
62 yrs augur d. Cir Nae-
viua Lat poet d at Utica.

Triumph of P
** Africanus."

G Scipio

Ptolemy Epiph crowned at
Memphis.

Hamilcar with Boii in Italy.

Hannibal expd from Garth
takes refuge with Antio-
chus in. Terence Lat
comedn b at Garth.

Intentions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Cir Statue torture-instru-
ment of Nabis of Sparta.

Diogenes* Stoic philos.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

M Pacuvius painter afterw
tragedn.

Milit superiority of legion
to phalanx proved at Cy-
noscephal®.

Gato regulates working of
Spanish silver-mines : de-
narii with Iberian inscrip-
tions.

< 71 )

Nffivius' Epic on 1st Punic
War. Sotion* of Alex
critic, Rome Salt-tariff for
Italy, 5th Festival that of
Mater Magna.

Hermippus of Smyrna
writes Lives of Philoso-
phers.

Rome cir Tripartita of Sext
JE1 Paetus; Ennius* 1st
Lat tragedn adapts Gk
tragedy and comedy — 169.

Rome cir Gk language large-
ly used ; Titinius' Fabula
TogaUs ; Plautua' Stichus
acted.

Rome New customs offices
on Gampanian coasts (and
179).

Cir Q Fabius Pictor's Ro-
man Hist in Gk.

Zeno* and Antisthenes*
histns of Syro-Egyptn
War. Statius Gscilius*
comedn — 168.

Gr Alcfflus of Messenia _pom
on the war. Egypt Bo-
setta Stone inscript. Rome
Tres viri epulones instd.

Rome Oppian Law repealed.

B.O.

909

ao*

ao4

aoa

aoa

aoi

aoo

10*

198

X©7

199

195

B.c. 194—182

B.C.

194

193

199

191

*90

189

188

187

186

186

184

Political History.

188

182

Rome P Scipio cons il

Gr Sparta joins Achaean
League. Rome L Q Fla-
mininns cons, brother of
liberator of Gks.

Syr Kdm hencef dependent
on Borne : Antiochas cedes
Asia M North of Taurus
and pays fines,

Gr Philopoemen forces
Achsean Laws on Sparta.
Rome Cephallenia and Za-
cyuthus acquired by Mto-
han War.

Rome Cn Man! Yulso pro-
cons in Asia M, distributes
territories.

Rome Ascendancy of M P
Cato. Syr Kdm Seleucus
iv [Philopator] K— 176
son. Alliance of Egypt
and Acheeans renewed.

Jewish Church
History.

Palestine transfd tempora-
rily to Egypt.

Rome M P Cato and L V
Flaccus censors.

Achaans Lycortas strate-
gy.

Embassy of Hyrcanus to
Egypt.

( 72 )

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Rome dfts Boii at Mutina,
war- v Ligurians — 170.
Masinissa E of Numidians
invs Carthgn proy of Em-
poriae.

Gr Philopoemen dfts Nabis.
Rome War v Antiochus in
and JStolians for protec-
torate of Gr— 189.

Rome Boii cede half their
territory: Aciliuscons dfts
Antiochus at Thermopylae :
Syrian fleet destroyed.
Lusitani inv Further
Spain.

Rome B of Magnesia, L
Scipio dfts Antiochus ni.

Rome Cn Manl Yulso dfts
Tectosagi and Tolistoboii.
M Fulvius reduces iEto-
lians. L iEm Paullus dfts
Lusitani.

Rome Ligurians dft Mar-

cius. 7000 worshippers of

Bacchus sentenced.
Rome Calpurnius dfts

Lusitani.
Bithyn war v Pergamus,

Hannibal general.

Egypt Bevolt quelled by
Polyorates Ptolemy's mi-
nister. Messenians revolt
v Achaean League and kill
Philopoemen.

Messenians subdued by Ly-
cortas. Garth Fresh Nu-
midian encroachments.

B.c, 194—182

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

EratosthenesgeogrtZ. Rome

Rome Separation of orders

194

Triumph of T Q Flamini-

in theatre.

nus: 8 new maritime co-

lonies in Lower Italy.

Ptolemy v to Cleopatra

103

daught of Antiochus in.

•

i

Rome cir Bebian Law re-

192

•

gjdating Spanish prartor-

ships.

•

191

Borne repeoples Placentia

Cir Orientalluxuriesintrodd

Rome Cincius histn writes

190

and Cremona. Bononia

at Rome.

the de Re Militari.

founded. L Scipio *"Asia-

ticus" brother to Africa-

nus.

Gr Lycurgus' laws abrogd

189

at Sparta.. Rome Ennius'

Ambracia.

Hannibal with Pnisias i E

188

of Bithynia.

P C Scipio attacked by

Borne Boad from Arretium

187

M P Cato retires. T S

to Bononia constructed.

Gracchus tribune.

Via ^Emilia from Arimi-
num to Placentia— 182.

Rome Bacchanalia prohi-

186

bited; Gk athletes and

beast-baitings introdd.

Hegesinus succeeds Evan-

186

der in 2nd Academy.

Plautus Lat comedn d. Cir

Rome Contract for extension

Rome Cato's reforms ; pur-

184

— 177 Potentia, Pisau-

of cloacee; Cato's silver-

gation of senate-roll ; taxes

rum, Parma, Mutina, and

smiths' hall.

on slaves, dress, equi-

Luna fully enfranchised.

pages ; office of Publicani

Philip v summoned to

open.

Borne. Ptolemy v ks his

late guardian Aristome-

UcBt

P Scipio " Africanus" d.

Alex Aristonymus librarian.

188

Hannibal ks hf at court of

Prusias. Boman colony

of Aquileia. PontusRoyaX

residence at Sinope.

Gr Nicander* poet gramm.

182

( 73 )

b.o. 181—168

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

101

180

170

178

177

176

175

174

178

178

171

170

169

168

Egypt Ptolemy vi [Philo-
metor] K — 146 son »t 7,
Cleopatra regent — 173.
Parth Phraates i [Arsaoes
v]K— 174 aon.

Baetria Eueratides cir E —
160 cir. Bithyn Prusia8 n
K— 149 ton.

Maced Perseus K— 166 ton.
Rome Auxiliary consuls
apptd for Spain.

Borne T S Gracchus cons.

Syr Kdm Antiochus rv [Epi-
phanes] K— 164 brother.

Parth Mithridates i [Arsa-
ces vi] K — 136 brother,
founds an Emp wh ex-
tends to Susiana, Persia,
Babylonia, Baetria.

Egypt EulflBus and Len&us
regents.

Egypt Physeoa (afterw
known as Ptol vm) made
K by Alexandrians brother.

Egypt Joint rule of Ptol yi
andPhyscon — 165. Rome
T S Gracchus removes
freedmen from the Cen-
turies.

? Ecclesiastious written (Da-
vidson).

Dispute of Onias in and
Simon govr of Temple; Si-
mon offers Temple-trea-
sure to Seleuous rv.

Svrian officer in Temple:
is frustrated by Onias in.

Onias in deposed. Jason
H Priest brother, buys the
office of Antiochus iv,
introds Gk customs.

Jason sends donation to
heathen sacrifices at Tyre.

Menelaus H Priest brother,
buys the office of Antio-
chus iv, wars agst Jason,
abjures Judaism.

Onias m kd at Daphne:
Lysimachus kd in Trea-
sury.

Antiochus rv plunders Tem-
ple, appoints Phrygian
governor over Jerusalem.

Jason attacks Jerusalem.

Apollonius sent by Antio-
chus Epiph plunders Je-
rusalem. Altar to Olymp-
ian Zeus set up on 15th
Chisleu. Besistance of
Mattathias.

( 74 )

Q F Flaeous dfts Ceriiberi :
revolt of Sardinia and
Corsica — 167.

Rome 8000 worshippers of
Bacchus sentenced.

T S Gracchus reduces 300
Spanish towns, resettles
the Celtiberi— 178.

Rome Istrian War* cowar-
dice of troops.

T S Gracchus reduces Sar-
dinia and Corsica, " Sardi
venales " at Borne. Istria
subdued.

Syr Kdm Seleucus rv kd by
Heliodorus, who is expd
by Antiochus rv and Eu-
menes n. Rome recovers
Mutina from Ligurians.

Carth Numidian seizure of
Tysca province and 50
cities.

Egypt Antiochus dfts
gents near Sirbonis.

re-

Rome 3rd Macedn War —
— 168. War of Antiochus
rv v Egypt — 168.

Coalition of Maced Gr Syr
etc tr Borne. B of Pelu-
sium Antiochns rv dfts
Egyptians.

Antiochus besieges Alex-
andria.

B of Pydna. Mmil Paid-
lus eonqs Maced. AnMe-
chus rv expd from Egypt
by Popillius.

d.o. 181—168

Biography and
Topography.

Philip v ks his son Deme-
trius. Ptolemy v assassd
by officers. PolybiusAchaB-
an ambassador to Egypt.

Rome settles Ligurian co-
lony near Beneventum.
C Calpurn Piso eons poi-
soned by his wife.

Gracouris in Spain founded

by T S Gracchus.
Borne fortress of Luna

estabd.

Gir Cornelia daught of
Scipio Africanus m T S
Gracchus.

Carteia founded.

Cir Ennius Lat poet d.
Embassy of Polyoma to
Cons Marcius.

Perseus captured by JEmil
PauUus, d cir 166. Caeci-
lius com poet <L Delos a
Boman feee-port.

INVENTIONS, DlSCO-

veries> Science, Art.

Rome Stone theatre for
ApoUinamn games.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Via Cassia reconstructed.

? "Venus de Medici" of
Cleomenes. Cir Third
Academy founded by Car-
neades.

Rome G S Gallus* mathem
predicts lunar eclipse,
patron of art.

( 75 )

Rome Lex Orchia agst lux-
ury. Alleged discovery
of writings of Numa.

Rome cir 10 yrs miHt ser-
vice the qualincatn for
magistracies.

Cir Caecilius * Lat com poet.

Rome Cir M Paouvius adapts
Gk tragedy— 139. Stage
maintained from public
chest.

Rome The festival Floralia
instd: cir Ennius' Annals
of Rome, ending with Is-
trian War of 178.

Cir First bakers' shops at
Borne.

Rome Crates of Mallus
rhetor recites Homer.

B.C.

18X

180

178

178

177

176

17*

174

178

178

171

170

168

168

b.o. 167—154

B.C.

167

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

166

166

164

168

162

161

160

160

168

167
166

166

164

Maced-Illyria reorganized
by JEmil Paullus.

Egypt Ptol yi and Physcon
quarrel, Ptol yi expd.

Egypt divided by Bomans ;
Ptol yi restd. Physcon
allotted Gyrene and Libya.
Syr Kdm Antiochus v [Eu-
pator] E — 162 son »t 12.
Lysias regent.

Syr Kdm Demetrius i [So
ter] E — 151 cousin.

Carth Borne awards Empo-
ria to Masinissa.

Bactria Heliocles cir E —
150 cir son. Pontus cir Mi-
thridates iv E — 120 cir son.

Pergam Attalus n [Phila-
delphu8] E — 138 uncle.

Rome P Scipio Nasica cons.

Carth Hasdrubal and Car-
thalo leaders of patriotic
party.

Mattathias d. Judas the
"Maccabee" his 3rd son
dfts Apollonius at Beth-
horon.

Judas dfts Lysias at Em-
mans.

Judas dfts Lysias at Beth-
sura, occupies Jerusalem,
purines Temple on 25th
Chisleu.

League of Tribes agst Ju-
dea.

Lysias takes Bethsura, be-
sieges Jerusalem. Mene-
laus H Pt kd by Lysias,
who appts Alcimus.

Lysias- kd by Demetrius,
who sends Nicanor agst
Judas.

Judas dfts Nicanor at Ca-
pharsalama and Adasa ;
negotiates with Borne :
Bacchides dfts and ks Ju-
das at Eleasa. Jonathan
5th son of Mattathias con-
tinues the war.

? Book of Baruch.

Bootless campaign of Bac-
chides. Jonathan retires
to Bethbasi.

Jonathan apptd judge at
Michmash.

Peace betw Bacchides and
Jonathan.

Rome Deportation and
imprismt of 1000 chief
Ach&ans: devastation of
Epirus. Humiliation of
Bhodes. Asiatic Celts re-
volt v Eumenes n.

Rome Successes agst Ligu-
rians and Celts.

Syr Kdm overrun by Par-
thians.

Rome War in Corsica — 16?.

Gr Athenian expedite v
Oropus. Rome War v Dal-
matians — 155. C M Fi-
gulus cons dftd.

Scipio Nasica reduces Dal-
matians.

Egypt War of two Ptolemys.
Rome War beyond Alps,
W Ligurians reduced. Lu-
sitani rise under Punicus.
Carth arms agst Masinissa.

( 76 )

b.c. 167—154

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

v% ft

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Rome Great triumph of

Pictures by Metrodorus of

Rome First public Library.

107

iEmil Paullus: Polybius

Athens at Paulas' triumph.

Pacuvius' PauZZu*; Players

a Boman prisoner — 150.

of Luc Anicius.

Andria of Terence.

166

Rome Beelectns to consul-

166

ship prohibited. Hecyra

*

of Terence.

164

Demetrius son of Seleucus

Cappadoc Hellenic culture

Heautontimoroumenos of

163

iv, Boman prisoner, claims

spreads — 130.

Terence.

Syr Kdm. T S Gracchus

b, son of Cornelia daught

of Scip Afric.

Demetrius escapes by Poly-

Autumnal equinox noted by

162

bius' aid, ks Antiochus v

Hipparchu8.

and Lysias.

*

Eunuchws and Phormio of

161

Terence. Rome Law of

banishment agst philoso-

+

phers and rhetoricians.

JEm Paullus Bom general d.

Satyrus* peripat philos.

Adtlphi of Terence.

160

Cir Terence Lat oomedn d.

Rome Clepsydra or water-

Rome 328,000 arm-bearing

169

clock of Bcipio Nasica cen-

citizens.

sor.

168

Rome Auximum colonized.

•

167

Aristarohus educates son of

166

Ptol VI.

Embassage to Borne of

Rome Cassius' stone Thea-

166

Diogenes Stoic, Critolaus

tre prohibited by Scipio.

Peripat, Carneades' New

Acad, Cir Boman cattle-

rearing in Dalmatia.

■

164

( 77 )

b.0. 163—143

B.C.

168

162

161

160

149

148

147

148

146

144

Political History.

143

Syr Kdm Alex Balms K—
146 son of Antiochus rv.

Achean League renewed by
Diaras, Crltolaus, and Da-
mocritus. Bactria oir Kdm
absorbed by Scythians and
Parthians.

Bithyn Nicomedes n E —
bo 91 son. Carth Ascend-
ancy of popular party.
Rome Andriscns [pseudo-
Philippus] E— 148.

Borne demands suppression
of Achaean League.

Achaans Critolaus strate-
gic— 146. Borne P C Sci-
pio iEmil consul.

Carth a Roman prov. Egypt
Ptolemv vn [Eupator] K
—146 kd by Ptolemy vin
[Physcon] K— 1X7 uncle.
Maced a Roman Prov.
Syr Kdm Demetrius n [Ni-
cator] E — 140 son of De-
metrius i, opposition of
DiodotuF.

Gr Cities made municipa-
lities by Mummius.

Rome App Claudius cons.
Syr Kdm Diodotus [Try-
pho] rival E— 139.

Jewish Church
History.

Demetrius and Alex Balas
court Jonathan. He joins
Alex and is made H Priest.

Ptolemy vi decides agst
Temple on Gerizim.

Jonathan with 10,000 men
takes Joppa, dfts Apollo-
nius.

Jonathan again dfts Apol-
lonius.

Jonathan besieges Acra,
conciliates Demetrius n.

Diodotus invs Palestine, ks
1000 Jews, takes and ks
Jonathan: Simon 2nd son
of Mattathias succeeds.

Simon leagues with Deme-
trius n agst Tryphon.
Jewish independence re-
cognized. Syrians expd
from Jerusalem. Simon
H Priest: receives sup-
port of Rome.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments. Catastrophes.

Rome L Mummius dftd by
Lusitani. Celtiberi join
them. Syr Alex Balas
rebels.

Carthagns dftd by Masi-
nissa E of Numidia.

Rome Lusitani dft Galba.

Lucullus and Galba dft Lu-
sitani. Galba's massacre.

Maced Rising of Andriscus :
4th Macedn War— 148.
Rome 8rd Punic War —
146 (gallant defence of
Carth}. Lusitani rise un-
der Viriathus — 141.

Metellus dfts Andriscns.
Achaeans under Damocri-
tus war v Sparta who ap-
peals to Rome. Rome
Carthagn war, L Piso com-
mands army L Manoinus
navy.

P C Scipio arrives at Utica,
invests Carth.

Scipio destroys Carth.
Mummius dfts Achaeans
at Leucopetra; sacks Co-
rinth. Ptol vi and Deme-
trius dft Alex Balas nr
Antioch.

Viriathus dfts Plautus ;
oonqs W Spain — 143.

Rome Rising of Numan-
tines; war — 133.

App Claudius dfts Salaspi.

( 78 )

B.a 163—148

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

O Gracchus Bom reformer b.

P Scipio iEmil in Spain.
Cato's "delenda est Car-
thago."

Alex Balas m Cleopatra
daught of Ptolemy yi. Ma-
sinissa E of Numidia d
set 90. MPCatorf. Pru-
sias ii kd by his son Ni-
comedes. Rome Release
of 800 Achaean prisoners.
Carthagn envoys cheated
at Borne into a surrender
of arms.

G Lucilius Lat satirist 6.
Achseans arrest all Spar-
tans in Corinth.

Cleopatra wife of Alex Ba-
las given by Ptolemy vi to
Demetrius n. In Syria
Diodotus sets up a rival K
Antiochus vi infant son of
Alex Balas.

Treasures of Gk art brought
to Borne by Mm Pauline.
Temples of Jupiter Stator
and Juno.

Diodotus ks the infant An-
tiochus vi. Scipio Afric
ambass to Egypt.

Antipater Stoic succeeds
Diogenes.

Rome 1st marble Temple
and colonnade. Martius
in Camp Martius. Her-
modorus archit builds
Temp of Jupiter Stator.

( 79 )

163

Rome Cons Albinus writes
Chronicles in Gk.

Rome Cato's Originee ended.
Cir M Brutus' de Jure Ci-
vili and Cato jun de Juris
Discipline,.

Rome 1st judicial Commis-
sion, Law agst Bribery by
L Calpurn Piso, author of
Annals etc.

162

161

160

140

Heraolides Lembus* histn.

143

Rome Cir Chron of Cassius
Hemina. Universal Hist
of Polybius ends.

147

146

Gr Apollodorus' Chron.
Rome Plays of L Mum-
miufl begin. Forum made
meeting-plaoeof burgesses.

145

144

143

b.o. 142—129

Political History.

b.c.

142

141

140

139

138
137

136

135

134

133

132

131

130

129

Rome P G Scipio JEmil
censor.

Lvsitania a Roman prov.
Rome G L®lius cons. Syr
Kdm Captivity of Deme-
trius n — 129.

Parth Phraates n [Arsaces
vn] K— 128 son. ? 136—
127.

Pergam Attains m [Philo-
meter] K — 133 nephew.

Rome Brutus prooons in Lu-
sitania extends dominion.

'Syr Kdm Antiochus vii
[Sidetes] K— 129 brother.

Rome App Claudius censor.

Rome Consular law sus-
pended. P C Scipio JEmil
cons.

Pergam Attalus in leaves
dominions to Rome; Ari-
stonicus son pretender —
129. Rome T S Grac-
chus jun tribune: civil
troubles — 121.

Rome Publ Popillius cons.

Rome 2 Plebeian Censors.

Egypt Flight of Ptolemy
viii, Cleopatra Q — 127
sister.

Syr Kdm Demetrius n again
K — 126. Pergam a Roman
province. Mithridates of
Pontus receives Phrygia.

Jewish Church
History.

Simon's son John Hyrca-
nus general.

Simon aids Antiochus Si-
detes.

Treachery of Antiochus.

Cendebseus general of An-
tiochus dftd by Simon.

Simon kd by his son-in-law
Ptolemy. John Hyrcanus
son, Prince and H Priest.
Antiochus vn declares
war.

Antiochus vn besieges Je-
rusalem.

John Hyrcanus submits to
Antiochus vn, pays tribute.

Hyrcanus helps Antiochus
vn v Parthia.

? Ecclesiasticus transltd
into Gk (Davidson).

Hyrcanus throws off Syrian
yoke, reduces Samaria and
Idumffia, destroys Temple
on Gerizim. ? Book of
Judith (Ewald).

( 80 )

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Maced Alex the Pretender
rises, is dftd by L Tremel-
lius. Rome Metellus acts
agst Celtiberi, Q Fab Ser-
vil agst Viriathus.

Viriathus spares army of
Q Fab Servil, Numantines
that of Pompeius.

Demetrius n dftd by the
Parthian E Arsaces vi.
Rome Senate disavows
treaty with Viriathus.
Caepio invs Lusitania.

Senate disavows Numan-
tine treaty. Popillius con-
ducts war. Viriathus sues
for peace. Chaldn astro-
logers expd from Rome.

Numantines dft Popillius.
Parthians conq Bactria.

Numantines dft Host Man-
emus cons. Treaty of
Mancinus annulled by
Senate.

M Mm Lepidus besieges
Pallantia, is dftd. Brutus
conqs Gallicians.

Fulvius conqs Dalmatian
Vardaei.

Scipio jEmdfts Numantians
—133. 70,000 Sicilian
slaves revolt, war — 132.

Rome Scipio destroys Nu-
mantia. War for domains
of K Attalus— 130 : 4000
slaves execd in Italian
towns.

Cons Rupilins takes Tau-
romenium and Enna, and
ends Servile War.

Rome helped by Mithridates
agst Aristonicus.

Alex Rebellion, Pfcol viii
expd. Crassus dftd by
Aristonicus.

Perpenna dfts Aristonicus.
Antiochus vn invs Parthia,
is dftd and kd.

b.c. 142—129

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Fanning histn serves in
Spain.

Silanus condemned by his
father Torqnatus.

Diodotus Trypho hd. M
Pacuviua Lat painter and
tragedn d. Viriathus
assassd.

Brntns forms Lasitanian

colony in E Spain.
Antioohns vii m Cleopatra

wife of his captive brother

Demetrius n.

BomanB vote the delivery
of Mancinus to Numan-
tines.

Marius, Jngortha,and Semp
Asellio in Scipio's army.

T S Gracchus jun kd by
faction of Scipio Nasica.

Gracchus' supposed adhe-
rents execd.

Ptolemy vm ks his son
Memphitis.

P C Scipio JEmilianus d
mysteriously. Carneades
philos d.

Hipparchus* astron, geogr
discvs lunar periods, pre-
cession of equinoxes; cata-
logues stars: places 1st
merid in Canary Isles.

Hermodorus' Temple of
Mars in Flaminian Circus.

Cir Introdn of vellum books
by Attalus of Pergamus.

Deo Jun Brutus 1st Roman
to reach Atlantic.

Hipparchusnotes<t?OTi equi-
nox March 23.

Scipio reorganizes Roman
.army.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

H.C.

Clitomachus succeeds Car-
neades in New Acad.

Home C Aoilius' Gk Ghron
•ends.

Rome Laeluas proposes agra-
rian law.

Home Lex Tabellaria of
Gabinius ; Expulsion of
astrologer*. Aocius* Lat
tragedn, author of Brutus
and Decius.

Rome Lex Tabellaria of
Cassius.

Rome Plautus' comedies in
disfavour-: -Sempronius
Asellio* histn.

Rome Law of T S Gracchus
for redi vision of lands.
L *Calp Piso* chronicler ,
Turpilius* comedn. P M
Scisvola cons collator of
City Annals.

Rome Agrarian commission
sits.

Rome Lex Tabellaria of Pa-
pirius. Metellus' law for
compulsory marriage pro-
posed.

Rome Perversion of Agra-
rian Law by Carbo and
Flaccus. Tribunes obtain
seat in Senate. Lucilius *
poet, gramm.

Rome Agrarian commission
suspended; Senators ex-
cluded from equestrian
centuries; C Sempronius
cons author of Chronicle.

142

141

140

139

138

137

136

136

134

133

132

131

ISO

129

J,

( 81 )

1

b.o. 128—116

B.C.

Political History.

127

iad

12ft

124

198

129

191

120

119

118

117

116

Parth Artabanus xx [Arsa-
oes Tin] K — 125 uncle.
? 127—124.

Syr Kdm Bival reigns of
Cleopatra widow (with her
son Antiochus vra •« Gry-
pus") and Alex Zahinas
alleged son of Balas.

Rome M F Flaecus eons.

Parth Mithridatea n [Arsa-
ces xx] E — 87 ton. Borne
Gracchus opposed by
Senate.

Rome C Gracchus trib be-
gins reforms.

Rome C Gracchus reeleoted
Tribune by people, L Dru-
ms rival Tribune.

Rome Opimius and Q Fa-
bius eonsuls. Opimius
made dictator to suppress
C Gracchus. Triumph of
aristocracy. Syr Kdm An-
tiochus Tin sole E — 114.

Mithridates t [the Gt] ace
in Pontue set 11.

Rome G Marins trib.

Gallia NarboneneU a Bo-
man province.

Egypt Ptolemy rx [Lathy-
rus] K— 107 eon. Numi-
dia divided by Borne betw
Jugurtha and Adherbal.

Jewish Church
History.

Roman decrees agst Syrian
aggressions en Palestine
—127.

Alliance of Hyrcanua with
Zabinas.

Dissensions of Pharisees
and Sadducees. Success-
ful wars of Hyrcanua.

? Book of Wisdom (David-
son). ?— 100 1st Mac-
cabees (Westoott).

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Baotria reduced by Tartars.

Rome L Aurelius sent to
quell Sardinian revolt.
Demetrius xi dftd by Za-
binas nr Damascus. War
of Antiochus vra v Za-
binas — 122.

Rome War v Ligurians for
protection of Massilia —
128. Fregell© revolts and
is dismantled. Africa ra-
vaged by locusts.

Rome H F Flaecus reduces
Ligurians. MeteUusconqs
Balearic Isles*

Rome O Sextius conqs Al-
lobroges and Salyes.

Rome Factions and tumults,
G Gracchus and party kd:
defeat of Allobroges and
Arverni.

Conquests of Q Marcius in
S Gaul. War for Numi-
dian succession, and vic-
tories of Jugurtha.

( 82 )

B.a 128—116

Biography and
Topography.

Cir Polybius histn d set 80.

G Gracohus Aurelius quaas-
tor in Sardinia.

G Gracchus returns from
Sardinia to Borne. Borne
Colony of Fabrateria.

Zabinas kd by Antioobue
vin. Colonies sent by G
Gracchus to Garth and
Aqua 8extia%

Antiochus vm ks his mo-
ther Cleopatra. Bitoitus
K of Arverni Boman pri-
soner at Alba.

Micipsa E of Numidia
adopts Jugurtha (his ne-
phew, grands of Massi
nissa).

G Papir Carbo impeached
ks hf. G Marias* ait 38,
citizen of Arpinum, soldier
of Scipio J3m.

Micipsa d. Jugurtha Is
Hiempsal expelsAdherbal,
his sons. Narbonne (Nar-
bo Mareius) founded, re-
mains a bnrgess-oity.

M T Varro histn, philolog,
poet, 5.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Gn Octavius builds colon-
nade on Circus.

Hipparohus' observations of
sun and moon at Rhodes.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Waters of Tepula brought
to Borne by Plautius and
Fulvius.

B.O.

G Luoilius art 21 1st Lat

Satirist.
Rome Severe Alien Act of

M J Pennus.

Rome Flaccus proposes en-
franchisement of Latins
and Italians.

Rome Temple to Concord
dedicated. Year of " Opi-
mian wine" best Boman
vintage.

Rome C Gracchus' laws for
corn-largesses and eleva-
tion of equites.

Rome Law of Gracchus
for enfranchising Latins
vetod. Dru8us proposes
to extend Agrarian Law
to 12 new colonies. Fan-
ning cons author of Lat
Chron.

Rome Bebuildg of Garth
prohibd. L Cad Antipater
Hist of Hanmbalie War.

Rome L Crassus orat set 21
impeaches Garbo.

( 83 )

Rome Lex JEmilia restores
the Libertini to the 4 City
Tribes.

6-2

127
129

125

124

123

122

121

120

119

118

117

116

b.c. 115—105

B.C.

115

114

113

112

111

HO

109

108

107

106

Political History.

105

Rome M JESm Scaurus con-
sul.

Syr Kdm Revolt of Antio-
ohus Cyzioenus half-bro-
ther— 111,

Pontut Annexation of Ar-
menia M, Colchis, Bospo-
rus etc — 106,

Syr Kdm divided by Antio-
chns vm and Cyzioenus.

Egypt Ptolemy rx driven by
his mother Cleopatra to
Cyprus--89. Alex [Pto-
lemy x] E— «9 brother
jointly with Cleopatra.
Rome C Marina 6 times
cons— 100. L C Sylla
quffistor.

Numidia a Roman prov.

Jewish Church
History.

Syr Kdm Civil War of An-
tiochns vm and Cyzioenns
—96.

Hyreanus forsakes Phari-
sees for Saddnoees.

Hyrcanns conqs Edom, de-
stroys Samaria.

Castle of Bans built, re-
sidence of Asmonean
princes.

John Hyrcanns d. Aristo-
bolus i [the Cruel] H
Priest and E — 105 ton.
Antigonus brother assocd,
is assassd.

Alexander Jannseus E — 78
brother.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

C Marios in Spain puts
down banditti.

Rome War v Scordisci in
Maced, defeat of C P Cato,
sucoess of Didius.

Celtic and Gothic tribes inv
Hlyria, dft Cons Cn Papir
Carbo in Istria; Jugurtha
invs AdherbaTs territory,
besieges him in Cirta.

Drusus dfts Celts in Thrace,
Jugurtha takes Cirta, mas-
sacres inhabitants. Mith-
ridates v expels Scythians
from Bosporus.

Rome Jugurthine War 1 —
104, CalpumiuB in Nu-
midia, bribed by Jugurtha
to make a treaty, Senate
cancels it.

Jugurtha dfts Aulas Postu-
mius, 2nd treaty with Ju-
gurtha.

Senate cancels treaty. Q
Metellus conducts Jugur-
thine war, dfts Silanus in
Gaul. Celts are checked
by Minucios Rufos in
Thrace.

Metellus and Marios dft
Jugurtha on the Muthul ;
Zama resists Romans; Me-
tellus treats with Bomil-
car; Celts dft M Aurel
Soaurus.

Vaga revolts, slaughters
Roman garrison; is reco-
vered by Metellus, who
takes Thala and overruns
Numidia. The Tigurini
dft L Cass Longinus.

Metellus recalled; Marios
conducts Jugurthine War;
Bocchus E of Mauretania
helps Jugurtha; Marios
winters at Cirta.

Marios treats with Bocchus,
L C Sulla his envoy. Celts
dft consuls Cffipio and Ma-
nilius nr the Rhone.

1 In our chronology of the Jugurthine War we follow Mommten,

( 84 )■

b.c. 115—105

Biography and
Topography.

Antiochus Cyzicenus*
youngest son of Ant Side-
tea. Rome 8 vestals execd.

Antiochus yiii driven to
Aspendus.

Adherbal tortured and kd
by Jugurtha.

Jugurtha at Borne, is saved
by the tribune B»bius,
has Massiva his cousin
assassd, is expcL

Attious Pomponius b. C
Marina Lat farmer's son
Hetellus' lieutenant.

Jugurtha execs Bomilcar.

Inventions, Disco-
VEBIE8, Science, Art.

Rome Anthemon* philos.

Philo suooeeds Clitomachus
in 3rd Acad. Diodorus
succeeds Critolaus Peri-
pat.

M Mm Scaurus' road from
Luna to Genua, and drain-
age works.

L Crassus trib pleb.

M T Cicero b at Arpinnm.
Cn Pompeius Magn b.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

( 85 )

Rome Censors strike off 82
senators; sumptuary laws
prohibit dice-playing, mu-
sical instruments etc. Lu-
cilius * satirist, Antipa-
ter* histn, Castor* and
Apollodorus * chronolo-
gists.

L Crassas' oratn on behalf
of Licinia vestaL

Hist of Agatharoides of
Cnidus.

Cir Nicander*, Hippar-
chufl*, Agatharoides*, Gk
poets, Rome Thorian Law
allocating Italn domain-
land.

Valerius Antias* and Qua-
drigariua* historians.

M JEm Scaurus cons orat
and author.

Rome Lex Tabellaria of
CsbUus; Licinius* poet;
DionyBius* of Thrace cri-
tic.

Rome Lex Bervilia for judi-
cial reform proposed.

B.c.

lift

114

118

na

111

no

109

108

107

106

105

b.o. 104— 93

B.C.

Political Histohy.

JjBWISE CHUBCH
HlSTOBY.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

104

108

ioa

101

100

98

07

86

95

94

93

Rome Marina consul five
years. Chinese Emp ex-
tended to Pegu, Siara,
Kamskataha, and Bengal.

Cilicia a Soman prov.

Borne Faction of Satorninos
and Glancia ascendant ;
befriended by Marios. Gir
knights farm provincial
revenues.

Lnsitania a Boman prov.

Armen Kdm founded by
Tigranes K — 56, son-in-
law of Mithridates v. Cy-
rene bequeathed to Borne
by Ptol Apion. Syr Kdm
Seleucus v K— 96 son of
Antioohus vin.

Syr Kdm Antiochus x [Eu-
sebes] son of Cyzicenus,
Philip rival E — 69, son of
Antioohus vra.

Mithridates v and Borne
make rival appointments
to the throne of Cappa-
docia— 88.

Syr Kdm Pretentions of
Antiochus Dionysus son
of Antiochus vin.

Lathyrus of Cyprus dfts
Alexander, ravages Judaa.

Cleopatra helps Jews. Jan-
n»us takes Gadara, is re-
pulsed at Amathus.

Oppositn of Pharisees to
JannsBUS.

Bsdras x probably written
in this century. ? 2nd
Maccabees by Jason ( West-
oott).

Jannama
96.

es Gaza —

Gaza reduced by Janxueus.

Pharisees incite people agst
JannaBUs, civil war — 89.
Alex Jannaeus ks 1000
Pharisees.

War with Moab and Gilead.

( se >

Boochus betrays Jugurtha
to Romans, war ends.
Celts inv Spain, retire be-
fore Celtiberians: revolt
of Sicilian slaves— 99.

Celts joined by Teutonic
tribes, h Luoullus sent
against Sicilian slaves.

Marius dfts Teutons nr
AquflB Sextis3. C Servilius
sent against Sicilian slaves,
fails. M Antonius sup-
presses Cilician pirates.

Celts inv Italy ; are dftd by
Marius and Lotatius nr
VercellaB. M Aquilius acts
against Sicilian slaves.

Spain revolts agst Borne —
97. Aquilius ends Servile
War.

Dolabella reduces Lusitani.

Didius cons reduces Celti-
beri.

Mithridates v invs Cappa-
docia.

Syr Kdm Cyzicenus dftd by
Seleucus v ; Ant Eusebes
dfts Seleucus; wars of sons
of Gxypus for the throne
84.

Biography and
Topography.

L C Sulla brings Jugurtha
in chains to Borne, where
he ia kd by starvation.
Gauda his half-brother
apptd to succeed him. Sal-
vias [Trypho] king of Si-
cilian slaves, Athenion
their general.

Gir Lncilius Lat satirist
d. Turpilius com poet d.

Trypho hd. Athenion king
of Sicilian slaves.

Metellus opposes Saturni-
nus, is exiled. Memmius
ia kd. C J Cfflsar b. Gir
Corn Nepos b. Varro and
Cicero study under Stilo.

Becall of Metellus ; retire-
ment of Marios to court
of Mithridates.

Aquilius impeached, Anto-
nius defends him.

Antiochus viii, "Grypus,"
assassd.

Gyzioenus ks hf.. Seleuous
v burnt by the Mopsues-
tians. Gir Lucretius Lat
poet 6.

Gir Catullus Lat poet b ? 87.
Mithridates v ks Ariara-
thes E of Cappadocia.

b.c. 101—93

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Golden sculpture in Capi-
tol commemorating Sulla's
capture of Jugurtha.

Artemidorus* of Ephes
geogr. Gir Lions first ex-
hibited at Rome.

Rome Standard of the Eagle
adopted ; cir House of L
Crassus the first with
marble pillars.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Rome Proletarii admitted
into army by Marius : 1st
professional soldiers.

Rome cir Elephants first
exhibited.

Rome 100 lions exhibited
by Sulla praetor.

( 87 )

Rome Lex Domitta em-
powering the people to
elect priests: cir L Ml
Stilo 1st teacher of Lat
rhetoric, writes on philo-
logy and antiquities.

Rome cir Artemidorus* Gk
poet. Attius* Tereus.

Rome Q C&tulua* poet : Q
Boscius* actor — 62.

B.C.

India cir Sutras of Panini
and Mrich-cha-Kati of Su-
draka. Rome Democratic
legislatn of Saturninus
Tribune. Gir Aulus Fu-
rius' Annals of Gallic War.

Rome Scenery introdd in
Theatres by C Claud
Puloher.

Rome Schools of oratory on
the Gk model. M An-
tonius*, L Crassus 11 ora-
tors.

Rome Poetry of L Manlius
father of many legends:
Senate prohibit human
sacrifices.

Hortensius* orat cet 19. Q
M Scaevola*, writes 18
books de Jure Civili. Me-
leager collects Anthologia.
Lex Licinia Muoia.

Cir L Plot Gallus' school
for Lat rhetoric. L Pom-
ponius writes farces, in-
trods mimes.

104

108

xoa

101

100

99

98

97

90

96

94

99

b,£. 92--83

B.C.

Political History.

99

01

•O

89

87

86

86

84

88

Syr Kdm . Pretentions of
Philip son of AntiochuB
vm.

Bithyn Nicomede* m K —
74 »on (expd by Socrates
brother K— 90). Rome M
Livius Drusus tribune,

Bithyn Nicomedes m restd
by Borne. Syr Kdm Pre-
tensions of Demetrius Eu-
cherus son of Antiochus
vin, anarchy — 83.

Egypt Ptolemy x expd from
Alex. Return of Ptolemy
ix K— 81.

Rome L Corn Sulla cons,
Sulpicius tribune. Italian
states enfranchd*

Parth ? Mnasoira* [Arsa-
ces x] K— 76* Reme L
Corn Cinna cons, raises
revolutn, i& deprived,
leagues with Marius.

Rome Cinna and Marius
nominate thems to con-
sulship.

Pontus conquests surrender-
ed to Borne, who rests Ni-
comedes m to Bithyn, and
Ariobarzanes to Cappadoc.

Rome L Scipio and C Nor-
banus *• Marians/'eonsuls.
Syr Kdm Interventn of
Tigranes of Armen who
holds all W Asia— 69.

Jewish Church
History.

Jannsus dftd at Gaulonitis.

Pharisees again rebel.

Pharisees aided by Deme-
trius Euoherus of Syria,
but Civil War ends in
victory of Jannaeus.

Civil war resumed. Phari-
sees dftd at Bethone; 800
crucified by JannaBUS.

Rebellion of Pharisees sup-
pressed.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Mithridates v conq Galatia.

Rome Martian War — 88.
Thracians overrun Maced,
plunder Temple of Do*
dona — 89.

Strabo besieges and takes
Asoulum— 88: Sabellians
and Marsi dftd. Sulla re-
duces S Italy. Ptolemy
ix besieges Thebes — 86.
Nicomedes m invs Pontic
Kdm.

Rome Q Metellus takes Ve-
nusia. Sulla enters Borne
by force, routs Marius.
Mithridates dfts Nicome-
des in and Boman allies
on the Amneius : hence 1st
Mithridatic War — 84. Mas-
sacre of Romans in Asia.

Parthia Civil War. Rome
Ootavius massacres Chi-
na's faction. Marius re-
turns, takes Borne, mas-
sacres Sulla's faction.
Athens garrisoned agst
Borne by Mithridates, be-
sieged by Sulla.

Sulla takes Athens, dfts
Mithridates at Chisronea:
Fimbria ks L Val Flaccus
cons, and commands his
troops.

Fimbria dfts young Mithri-
dates at Miletopolls. Sulla
dfts Mithridates at Orcho-
menus.

Mithridates succumbs.
Peace concluded at Dar-
danus. Fimbria's troops
join Sulla, so do China's.

Sulla in Italy, wars v Ma-
rian party— 82. 2nd Mi-
thridatic War— 82. Mu-
reua invs Pontus. Serto-
rius goes to Spain.

( 88 )

b.o. 92—83

Biography and
Topography.

Sulla in Cappadocia.

M L Drusus Boman tri-
bune and reformer hd. L
Crassus orat d. Aquilius
Boman envoy to Asia M,
causes Mithridatic War.

Ptolemy ks his mother Cleo-
patra. P Butilius- cons Jed
by Marsi. Mithridates
execs Socrates Bithynian
pretender.

M T Cicero in army of
Pompeius.

Silo head of Marsian revolt
kd in B. Marius flees to
Africa, is imprisd at Min-
turna* and released.

Cn Papir Carbo and Q Ser-
torius heads of China's
faction. Among Marius'
victims are Luo Caesar,
Publ Crassus, M Antonius
orat, Luo Merula.

Egyptian Thebes effaced.
Marius d in his 7th con-
sulship. Sertorius mas-
sacres 4000 Marian ban-
dits. Sallust histn b.

M Brutus b.

Fimbria ks hf t Cinna assasd
in his 4th consulship.

Rome Capitol burnt. M
Antonius the triumvir b.
Cn Pompeius »t 23 joins
Sulla. Tigranocerta found-
ed by Tigranes. Process
of Publ Quinctius — 81.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Metrodorus* of Scepsis
philos. Asclepiades of
Prusa Boman med.

Rome Ivory images of Pa-
siteles sculpt.

Antiochus philos Acad.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Rome P. Butilius writes Me-
moirs at Smyrna. Censors'
Edict against rhetoricians.
Aurel Opilius rhetor retires
to Smyrna.

Rome Lex de judiciis of M
L Drusus ; financial re-
serves at their highest
point.

Lex Julia for enfranchisg
Italian allies. LucAfra-
niuB* comedn. CnAufidius
writes hist in Gk. L Cesar
patronizes drama, Soym-
nus * of Chios poet.

Lex Plotia for the imme-
diate execution of Lex
Julia. Lat rights con-
ferred on Ital Celts.

Leges Sulpiride enrolling
new voters in the Tribes ;
recalling exiles etc. Sump-
tuary laws; Sulla's lex
unciaria.

Sisenna* histn.

M Mar Gratidianus' assay-
office for bad coinage.

Rome Q KortenaiuB pleader ,
and erotic poet.

Sulla bringsLibrary of Apel-
licon from Athens. His
war-tax in Asia, wh en-
courages Boman usurers.

Rome Consuls propose Agra-
rian Law and Extension
of Franchise.

B.C.

9a

91

90

89

87

85

84

( 89 )

b.o. 82—71

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

•a

Borne Mtrias jun cons »t

Jannaras returns to Jeru-

Sulla and Crassus dft Ma-

27. After B of Oolline

salem.

rius and Carbo at Sacri-

Gate Sulla is dictator —

portus and Colline Gate.

79. New constitute on

Sulla butchers 6000 8am-

oligarohl basis.

nites, and all the Marians.
Mithridates dfts Murena.

si

Egypt Berenice doughty

Pompey dfts Domitius in

joint reign with Ptolemy

.

Africa. Sertorius Marian

[Alexander] xi her husband

exile gains possession of

— SO.

Spain, resists Boman ar-
mies — 72. Civil wars in
Egypt.

80

Egypt Ptokmy xn [ Auletes]
K— 51 son of Ptolemy rx.

79

Borne Sulla resigns office

Jannaeus d, besieging Ba-

and retires.

gaba.

78

Borne M Mm Lepidns eons,

Alexandra Q — 70 widow

Rome Bising of Lusitani

fails to restore old con-

submits to Pharisees. Hyr-

under Sertorius; Metellus

stitute.

canus H Priest.

and Domitius sent agst
him.

77

Rome M T Cicero quaestor.

t

Pompey reinforces Metellus
in Spain. Servilius' war
v Cilician pirates.

76

Parth Sanatroeces [Arsaoes

Pharisees persecute Hyrca-

Sertorius dfts Pompey and

xi] K— 68 ? 69. Borne

nus' former adherents.

Metellus. Sanatroeces de-

Cn Sicinius tribune, fails

poses Mnascirasof Parthia.

to restore ancient tribu-

nate.

•

75

Cicero qtuestor in Sicily.

App Claudius heads war v
Thraoian Tribes.

74

Bithyn Nioomedes ni leaves
his Kdm to Borne.

Rome 3rd Mithridatio War

— 65. Mithridates dfts

Cotta in Bithynia.

78

Borne War v Spartaous and
the Gladiators — 71. Great
successes of Cilician pi-
rates.

72

Aristobulus obtains com-

Sertorius dfts consuls, is

mand of army.

kd: Pompey dfts Peperna,
conqs Spain. Lucullus
dfts Mithridates. Spar-
tacus dfts consuls.

71

Spartaous dftd nr Brundu-
sium by Crassus, who
crucifies 6000 prisoners.
Mithridates flees before

i

Lucullus.

bo. 82—71

Biography and

Inventions, Disco-

liAWs, Literature,

B.C.

Topography.

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

Marias jttn ks hf. Colonies

Rome cir Instn of colonies

02

for veterans founded. P

for veterans, and dona-

T Varro poet o. G Licin

tives to soldiers.

Calvus orat 6.

•

•

Splendid Triumph of Sulla,

Rome Gk arts and sciences

Rome Befiormfl of Sulla, re-

ex

his proscriptions.

patronized*

constitutn of Senate, de-
gradation of Tribunate.
Cooptationrestd to Priestly
Colleges; sumptuary laws.

Cicero's Pro Quinctio.

Ptolemy zi ks Berenice.

Cicero's Pro Sex Roscio.

so

Alexandrians k him. Pom-

The Mimus introdd on

pey allowed a Triumph.

Roman stage.

Sulla orders divoroe of

wives related to Marios.

J Caesar neph of Marius,

and husb of Cornelia Chi-

na's daught, refuses, at 19.

Cicero defends Sext Boeeius,

Cicero at Athens studies

Rome Improvemts of the

79

retires to Athens.

with Antiochus Acad, and

Luculli ' in theatrical

Zeno Epicur.

scenery.

Bulla d at Puteoli »t 60,

Rome Theatre roofed with

7S

Cieero at Rhodes.

canvas ; L Corn Sisenna*
histn of Social and Civil
War. Cir Chronicle of Q
Claud QuadrigariuB.

Cicero returns to Borne.

Cicero competes v Cotta

77

• i

and Hortensius in forensic

oratory.

Asinius PoUio patron of

C Licin Maeer* author of

76

letters 6.

:

■

Ubri Untei,

Ma&eenas patron of tetters 6.

7»

Lucullus commands in

Cherry tree brought from

Cicero's Pro Scamandro.

74

Asia M. Cicero leaves

Asia to Europe by Lucul-

Library of Lucullus cons.

Sicily for Borne.

lus ; who also introds
Asiatic luxuries at Borne.

Yarro's 8 Books on Agri-

73

culture.

Sertorius kd by Peperna

72

at Osca. Mithridates re-

ceived by Tigranes in

Armenia.

Rome Employment of gold

71

mines of Sardinia, Gaul,

Maced, and silver mines

of Spain.

( 91 )

b.c. 70—59

B.C.

70

69

68

67

66

66

64

68

62

61

60

66

Political History.

Rome Pompey and Crassus
consols in defiance of Sol-
la's lex annalis. Cicero
ttdile.

Syr Kdm Tigranes expd.
Antiochus in [Asiatious]
K— 65 son of Antiochns x.

Parth Phraates xn [Arsaoes
xxi] E— 60 ton. 7 69.

Rome Cicero Praetor. Caesar
quaestor in Spain.

Syr Kdm becomes a Roman
province, by expulsion of
Antiochns xn : end of dy-
nasty of Seleucidae.

Cappadoe Arisbarzanes n
[Philorhomceus] K— 42.
Oalatian domin extended
by Deiotarus.

Rome Cicero cons, L and C
J Caesar duumviri. Judaa
made tributary to Borne.

Rome Cesar Praetor. Syria
and Phoenicia one Roman
prov,

Denmk ? Sciold 1st E.
Parth Mithridates in [Ar-
saoes xin] K— 54 ? 55
son. Rome League of Pom-
pey CrassuB and Caesar.

Egypt Ptolemy xn acknow-
ledged by Romans. Rome
Caesar and M Calp Bibu-
lus (Senatorial nominee)
consuls.

Jewish Church
History.

Alexandra d nominating
Hyrcanus. Aristobums n
his brother dfts him ; he
resigns.

Antipater incites Hyrcanus
to claim the throne.

Aretas an Arabian helps
Hyrcanus, Aristobums is
shut up in Temple.

Roman interposition: Ari-
stobulus dfts Aretas.

Pompey takes Jerusalem,
establs Hyrcanus n E —
57, sends Aristobums to
Borne, enters Holy of Ho-
lies. Antipater real ruler.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Tigranes receives Mithri-
dates. Capitol burnt.

Luoullus dfts Tigranes nr
Tigranocerta. War of
Borne v Cretans — 67.

Lucullua dfts Tigranes at
Artaxata, takes Nisibis:
Mithridates dfts Fabius
in Pontus.

Metellus reduces Crete.
Pompey suppresses Isau-
rian pirates. Mithridates
dfts Triarius, recovers
Cappadocia.

Pompey in Asia leagues
with Phraates, dfts Mith-
ridates, receives submis-
sion of Tigranes.

Mithridates retreats to the
Bosphorus. 1st conspiracy
of Catiline. Pompey in
the Caucasus.

Pompey oonqs Syria and
Palestine — 63.

2nd conspiracy of Catiline
suppressed by Cicero,

Catiline dftd byproconsQ
Antonius.

C J Caesar governor in
Spain, conqs Lusitania.

Insurrection agst Ptolemy
xn.

( 92 )

b.c. 70—59

Biography and
Topography.

Virgil b nr Mantua. Cicero
impeaches Yerres.

Cicero settle.

Pompey receives extraordi-
nary powers for suppres-
sion of pirates.

Horace Lat poet b at Ve-
nusia. Casar edile.

Cir Tibullus Lat poet b.

Mithridates v ks hf. Octa-
vian [Augustus] b. M V
Agrippa b. Caesar pro-
motes prosecutn of Rabi-
rius wtiom Cicero defends.
CaBsar Pontif Max.

Borne incited agst Catiline
by Cicero and Cato.

Clodius tried for violating
mysteries of Bona Dea.
Caesar divorces Pompeia.
Pompey's Triumph.

Phraates in of Parthia
assassd by sons. Cato pre-
vents award of a Triumph
to Caesar.

Pompey m Julia Caesar's
daught. Caesar m Cal-

Surnia Piso's daught. Clo-
ius impeaches C Anto-
nius. Cicero defends him.
Clodius given plebeian sta-
tus. Livyhistn feat Padua.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

A water mill used near the
residence of Mithridates
in Asia M. Rome cir Ori-
ental luxury introdd by
Pompey and Lucullus.

Rome The Capitol rebuilt
by Q Catulus.

M P Cato* [Utioenais] Bo*
man Stoic philos.

Borne Ebony first introdd
by Pompey.

Rome cir Religious rites,
auspices and auguries fall
into disuse.

Posidonius* philos and tra-
veller at Rhodes. Q Bo-
scius* Roman actor d.
Cato styles Cicero pater
patri<e.

Rome Theatre of M Mm
Scaurus : oir Neo-Plato-
nism of Nigidius Figulus.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Rome Lex Aurelia. Resto-
ration of Tribunes, limita-
tion of senatorial powers
in judicia, censorship re-
vived. Cicero's In Ver-
rum, In Caeilium.

Cicero's Pro Carina. Ty-
rannio gramm transcrs
Aristotle for Andronicus
of Rhodes.

Lex Gabinia extends Pom-
pey's authority. Cir Poem*
of Catullus — 53. Lex
Boscia gives Equites pri-
vileges. Lex Cornelia de-
fining urban law.

Rome Manilian Law. Cice-
ro's Pro Lege Manilia t
Pro Cluentio. Varro's 1st
Digest of Laws,

Rome Lex Amphia confers
crown oh Pompey.

Cicero's Be Lege Agraria,
In Catilinam, and Pro
Murena — 62.

Cicero's Pro P C Sulla.
Cir Poems of Catullus — 54.

Cicero's In
Pro Archia.

Clodium and

Cicero's Hist of his Consu-
late, Pro Scipione Nasiea.
Aristomedes* of Crete
gramm. Diodorus Sicul-
lus' Library of Hist — 30.

Rome Caesar's Agrarian
Law: the Vatinian Law.
Cicero's Pro L V. Flaeeo.
The Acta Diurna now
publd.

B.C.

70

69

68

67

66

64

64

66

68

61

60

69

( 93 )

b.o. 68—61

B.C.

68

57

66

•6

*3

162

*l

Political History.

Egypt Ptolemy xn expd.
Tryphaena — 67 and Bere-
nice— 65 Queens, daughU.
Rome Cesar prooons of
Gaul and Hlyricum — 64, P
Clodius trib pleb.

Rome Pompey administs
supplies of corn.

Annen Artavasdes E — 84.
India cat Era of Vikrama-
ditya i.

Egypt Ptolemy xii restd by
Gabinius. Rome 2nd con-
sulship of Pompey and
Crassus. ProvnclgovshipB
of the triumvirs prolonged
—60.

Parth Qrodes i fArsaoes
xrv] K— 37 brother. Rome
Rupture of Caesar and
Pompey begins; M P Cato
Praetor.

Rome Agitation abt consr
electn, 7 mths interreg-
num.

Rome Agitation renewed.
Pompey raised to sole con-
sulship by Bibutaa and
Cato.

Egypt Cleopatra— 30 and
Ptolemy xni — 47 joint so-
vereigns, children, Gaul
made a Roman pro v. Rome
C Maroellus and L Mm
Paullus consuls : Curio
Tribune Caesar's partisan.

Jewish Church
History.

Insurrection of Aristobulus,
Gabinius deposes Hyrca-
nus ii, establs oligarchy —
47 ; 6 supreme indepen-
dent sanhedrins.

ftevolt of Alexander son of
Aristobulus in absence of
Gabinius.

Defeat of Alexander by Ga-
binius near Mt Tabor.

Crassus plunders Temple
of 10,000 talents.

Alexander again revolts
after B of Carrhae. C Cas-
sius succeeds Crassus.

Cassius quells revolt with
aid of Herod Antipater.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Cato tent to deprive Pto-
lemy xn of Cyprus. Caesar
in Gaul — 60, dfts Helvetii
and Germani.

Caesar conqs Gallia Bel-
gioa. Piso's Macedn army
mutinies.

Revolt of Yeneti put down
by Cesar. Parth War v
Armen.

Caesar dfts German tribes
nr Coblenz, invs Britain,
lands nr Deal.

Caesar again invs Britain,
dfts Cassivelaun, takes
Canterbury and S. Alban's.
Ambiorix rises in Gaul,
dfts Cotta. Crassus*' Par-
thian campaign — §3,

Caesar reinforced, dfts Am-
biorix. Crassus routed at
Carrhae, Boman army cap-
tured at Sinnaca.

Gaul under Vercingetorix
revolts agst Caesar who
loses B of Gergovia*

Vercingetorix dftd 5 Caesar
completes conquest of Gaul
—50. Cassius dfts Par-
thians under Osaces and
Pacorus.

( 94 )

b.c. 58—51

Biography and
Topography.

Cioero driven into exile by
Clodius. Cato tent to
Cyprus.

Riots of Clodtas at Borne.
Recall of Cicero.

Meeting of the triumvirs at
Luca. Cato returns to
Borne. Piso recalled from
Maced.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Cir Lucretius Lat poet ks hf.

Gabinius impeached and
banished. Crassus govs
Syria. Cassivelaun com-
mands British forces ; his
capital at S. Albans ? Cir
Q Y Catullus Lat poet d.
Julia wife of Pompey d.

Crassus and Roman officers
kd at Sinnaca. 10,000 le-
gionaries Parthian serfs.

Clodius kd in fray with
Milo. Milo banished to
Marseilles. Sallnst a trib
pleb.

Cicero governor of Cilicia
and Cyprus. Posidonius
at Borne. Cir Propertius
Lat poet ft.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Philodamus Epicur philos Rome Democratic measures

at Rome, worship otEgyptn
deities introdd.

Cesar's bridge across the
Rhine nr Coblentz, built
in 10 days.

Rome cir Improvemt of dies
for coins: cir Spiritualism
patronized by App Clau-
dius, M Varro, Publ Vati-
nius etc.

of Clodius; street clubs re
estabd; Lucretius' de no-
tttra rerum.

Cesar's Commentaries. Ci-
cero's Post Reditum, and
Pro Domo.

India cir 9 gems of Literat,
eg Dhanwantari med, Va-
raruohi gramm, Amera
Sinha lexicogr, Kalidasa
dramat, poet. Rome Lex
de Bonis Cedendis. Cice-
ro's De Responsis, Pro
Sestio, Pro Rufo, Pro Bal-
bo 9 DeProvinciis. Castor's
Chronol ends.

Rome 1st permanent theatre
that of Pompey; his high
rated census for jurymen.
Lex Trebonia assigns pro-
vinces to triumvirs. Ci-
cero's de Polity In Pisonem,
Pro Plancio, De Orator e.
Corn Nepos' Chron and
Lives of Generals.

Rome Cicero's Pro Postumo
and De Republ. Aristode-
mus* author of Art of
Flattery. Parthenius opens
school of poetry.

Cir Cesar's Treatise on
linguistic Analogy.

Rome Cicero's Pro Milone
and (?) De Legibus: cir
Celtic oratorical movemt
of M J Brutus, M C Bufus
Calvus, C A Pollio and
C S Curio.

Cesar's De Bello Oallico
publd ; other Commentaries
written — 44. Sallust et
86 Hist of Catiline's Con-
spiracy and Jugurthine
War. Serv Sulp Bufus*
writer on Roman Jurispr.

B.C.

*s

67

66

56

54

53

64

61

( 95 )

b.c. 50 — 44

B.C.

60

40

48

47

40

45

44

Political History.

Rome Cesar defended agst
Pompey by M Antonius.
Senate recalls both Pom-
pey and Cesar.

Egypt Expulsion of Cleo-
patra. Rome Caesar recall-
ed, and outlawed ; Consuls
given dictatorial power;
Caesar returns as dictator
and pontif max.

Rome Caesar and P Servi-
lius consuls. Demagogic
movexnt of Bufus and Milo.

Egypt Cleopatra made sole
sovereign by Caesar. Rome
Caesar cons; and dictator
12 months. Demagogic
movemt of P Dolabella.
Pontue added to the Bo-
man Emp.

Numidia and Mauretania a
Bom Prov. Rome Caesar
cons (with M JEm Lepi-
dus) prsef morum — 44.
Imperator for life, reduces
senatorial privileges, in-
trods personal govmt. Se-
nate 900 members.

Rome Caesar cons sine col-
lega.

Rome CaBsar and M Anto-
nius consuls. Caesar appd
dictator and prarf morum
for life. After his assassn
anarchy prevails — 81. M
Antonius and P C Dola-
bella consuls.

Jewish Church
History.

? Jason's original 2 Macca-
bees epitomized (West-
oott).

Fresh attempts of Aristobu-
lus and Alexander; both
put to death,

Hyroanus n restd by Julius
Caesar— 40. Antipater pro-
curator of Judaea. Herod
his son frees Galilee of
robbers.

Herod obtains rule of Ccele-
Syria.

Hyroanus repairs walls of
Jerusalem.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

Pacorus makes peace with
Bomans, wars v his father
Orodes. Pompey at re-
quest of Cato's parly
marches v Caesar.

Caesar crosses Bubicon,
and masters Italy, enters
Borne, takes Massilia, dfts
Pompeians in Spain Sar-
dinia and Sicily. Curio
dftd by Juba on the Ba-
-gradas, his army surrend-
ers to Varus. Pompeians
successful on E Adriatic
coast.

Caesar takes Dyrrachium,
dfts Pompey at Pharsa-
lus, burns Alexandrian
fleet, is blockaded at Pha-
ros. Pharnaces rises, dfts
Gabinius at Nicopolis.

Caesar dfts Pharnaces at
Zela, quells mutiny at Ca-
pua, embarks for Africa.
Gabinius cut off by Dal-
matians, but P Vatinius
dfts M Octavius the ' ' Pom-
peian " leader off Tauris.

Caesar dfts Pompeians at
Thapsus, takes tftica.
Caecil Bassus revolts in
Syria.

Caesar dfts Pompeians at
Munda. Cassius dfts
Caecil Bassus.

Conspiracy of M Brutus,'.
P S Casca, C Cassius, L
T Cimber, Deo Brutus, C
TreboniuB, and murder of
Caesar. Aiitony in Cisal-
pine Gaul. The Mutine
War— 43.

( 06 )

b.c. 50—44

Biography and
Topography.

M Bibulus govs Syria. Cu-
rio resigns tribunate, joins
Cesar at Bavenna. Sal-
lust expd from Senate. Q
Hortensius orat d.

Pompey retires toBrundu-
sium and Dyrrachium.
Curio orat Cesar's lieut
kd in B. Gades a Roman
municipium.

Domitin8 Ahenobarbus kd
at Pharsalus. Pompey
assassd nr Pelusium. Pom-
peian leaders now are Met
Scipio, M Octavius, T La-
bienus, L Afranius, Cn
Pompeins, and Juba E of
Numidia.

Caesar's "veni vidi vioi
despatch from Zela.

»

E Juba kd in B of Thap-
sus\ Met Scipio and M P
Cato k thems. Vercin-
getoriz kd at Cesar's
triumph. Corinth and
Carth Roman milit colo-
nies.

Cicero divorces: his daught
Tullia d. Horace at
Athens. Carthage and
Corinth rebuilt. Varus,
Labienus and Cn Pom-
peius kd at Munda.

Cleopatra poisons her bro-
ther Ptolemy. M Antony
cons offers Caesar tbe dia-
dem. C Octavius, Caesar's
neph, his heir.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

A water mill erected on the
Tiber ? Blisters used at
Rome by Aretaeus med
Gappadoc; Roman tem-
ples of Isis destroyed. M
Mm Paullus' Basilica
jEmilia.

Rome Cesar's financial and
military reforms.

All scientists given Roman
franchise. Caesar (with
aid of Sosigenes astron) re-
forms the Calendar: year
of 455 days. Vitruvius*
architect at Rome. Basi-
lica Julia built.

Julian Calendar with bis-
sextile year begins from
1 Jan.

Cratippus* Peripat philos
at Athens. Rome Coins
with Caesar's head,
100,000,000 sesterces in
Treasury.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Rome C H China's Epic of
Smyrna. Lucullus' laws
agst usury enforced in all
provinces.

Rome Municipal laws for
Cisalpine Gaul, wh is affi-
liated to Rome.

A lex Library of 400,000 vols
burnt.

Rome The Lex de Fenore.
Cicero's Pro Marcello.

Rome Caesar's edicts — 44;
1st public Library under
C A Pollio poet, histn,
orat. Cicero's Brutus. Cir
M T Varro writes Logisto-
ria, Menippean Satires,
de Lingua Latina, de Re-
bus Rumania et Divinis;
Juba Numidn Prince writes
Hist; Didymus* gramm;
Vitruvius' 10 Bks on Ar-
chitecture, only architeotl
work b o extant.

Cicero's Tusculan Disputa-
tions, Orat, De Finibus and
De luctu minuendo. Mu-
nicipal laws for Italy.

Cicero's de Senectute, Ami-
citia, Natura Deorum, Of-
ficiis; Philippics — 43.

B.C.

60

40

48

47

46

45

44

J.

C 07 )

b.o. 43—32

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

"Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

48

42

Rome seized by Octavian ;
triumvirate of Lepidus,
Octavian and Antony.

Roman Emp divided after
B of Philippi by the trium-
virs.

41

40

39

88

87

India Emp of Yicramaditya
i. Parth Phraates rv [Ar-
saces xv] K — ad 15 son.
Rome Prolongation of
triumvirate.

86

Rome . Lepidus degraded
from triumvirship.

8ft

84

88

82

Antony gives Code-Syria
and Cyprus to Cleopatra.

Armen Artaxias E — ? eon.

1

Conspiracy of Malichus,
Antipater poisoned. Herod
and Cassias resist Mali-
chus who falls at Tyre.

Antony appoints Herod and
Phasael tetrarchs of Judaea.

Hyrcanus deposed by An-
tigonus who rules — 37.
Herod at Borne made E of
Jews. Cir — 25 Esdras n
probably written. Par-
thians expelled from Ju-
dea. ? — ad 70 3rd Mac-
cabees.

Herod m Mariamne grand-
daughter of Hyrcanus, aids
Romans in siege of Jeru-
salem.

Jerusalem taken. End of
Asmonean dynasty. Ju-
daea under the Herods —
ad 44. Herod [the Great]
— bo 4, enthroned by An-
tony, massacres the Asmo-
neans and the Sanhedrin.
Ananel made H Priest ; is
deposed.

Aristobulus brother of Ma-
riamne H Priest set 17.

Herod ks Aristobulus. Ana-
nel H Priest restd.

Cir Schools of Hillel and
Shammai. Herod dftd by
Malchus E of Arabia Pe-
traea.

( 98 )

Defeat of Antony at Forum
Gallorum and Mutina;
reconciliatn of hostile
leaders.

1st B of Philippi, defeat of
Octavian; 2nd B and defeat
of Brutus. Antony dfts
Ariobarzanes.

War of Octavian v Antony.

Octavian takes Perusia.
Pact of Octavian and An-
tony at Brundusium. La-
bienus under Orodes invs
Syria.

Pact of Triumvirs with S
Pompeius at Misenum.
Labienus oonqs Silicia.

War of Octavian v S Pom-
peius — 36. Ventidius, An-
tony's general, dfts La-
bienus.

Cons Agrippa secures fron-
tier of Gaul.

Agrippa dfts S Pompeius
off Nauloohus. Parthian
expedition and defeat of
Antony.

Armenian expedition of An-
tony — 34. Octavian at-
tacks Salisci and Taurisci.
L Pompeius insurgent, is
taken prisoner.

Antony captures Artavasdes
E of Armenia. Octavian
reduces Dalmatia and Pan-
nonia — 83.

Parthians conq Media, ex-
pel Romans from Armenia.

Octavian prepares for war
v Antony.

b.c. 43—32

Biography and
Topography.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Cicero proscribed and kd
set 63. Ovid poet b, Lug-
dunum founded. Cisal-
pine Gaul united with
Italy.

Cassius and Brutus k therru
at Fhilippi. Horace, Bru-
tus' tribune.

Diodorus Siculus' Biblio-
theca Hist — 13.

Virgil's Eclogues— 39. PT
Varro* epic and elegiac
poet.

48
42

Falvia wife of Antony ex-
pelled by Octavian. An-
tony and Cleopatra meet
at Tarsus.

Antony m Octavia sister of
Octavian. Catullus d.

t

Rome Babius* poet.

41
40

39

Octavian divorcesScribonia,
mLivia.

"Era of Casars" or " Span-
ish Era" dates from this
year.

38

P T Varro Lat poet d.
Phraates iv ks his father,
son, and 30 brothers.
Antigonus execd at Borne.

Harbour of Misenum.

Virgil's Georgics—30, She-
ma-tsin Chinese histn.

37

Antony reunited to Cleo-
patra. Lepidus remains
Pontif Max.

S Pompeius execd.

Borne embellished by M V
Agrippa sedile.

M T Varro's De re rustica.

Propertius applies hf to

poetry, Furnii* orators

at Borne.
Cir Horace's 1st Bk of

Satires,

36
86

Sallust histn d.

34

Antony divorces Octavia.
Atticus friend of Cicero d.

Agrippa restores Roman
public buildings and foun-
tains.

Library of Octavian found-
ed.

Antony transpts Library of
Pergamus to Alexandria.

38
32

( 99 )

7—2

b.o. 31—19

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

81

Rome Octayian supreme —

Herod dfts Malchus, ks

Octavian takes Corcyra,

AD 14.

Hyrcanus grandf of Ma-

dfts Antony off Aotium.

riamne.

Earthq in Palestine de-

•

stroys 80,000 people.

30

Egypt a Roman Province.

Dominion of Herod in-

Octavian dfts Antony near

Rome Octavian receives

creased by Octavian. Ju-

Alexandria.

title of Imperator ; senate

dffia exempt from tribute.

of 1000 members.

29

Mariamne falsely accused

Temple of Janus closed by

and execd.

Octavian.

ae

Rome Octavian "princeps
senatus," empire of im-
perial and senatorial pro-
vinces.

Rise of sect of Herodians.

27

Rome Octavian [Augustus]

Rome Subjugation of Ger-

accepts sovereign power

man and Dacian tribes —

for 10 yrs, institutes the

24.

concilium secretum.

20

Greek theatre of Herod:
games and foreign customs
introdd.

25

Samaria rebuilt. Herod m

Augustus reduces Cantabri

Mariamne daughter of

and Astures. Temple of

Boethus.

Janus closed again. Par-
thia Tiridates' revolt sup-
pressed.

24

Ambassadors ' from China

Arabian expeditnandfailure

to Rome ?

of Ml Gallus.

23

Rome Augustus obtains tri-

.

bunioia potestas for life.

#

32

Building of Cesarea begun.

Plague and floods at Borne.
Revolt of Cantabri in
Spain. Abortive conspi-
racy of Murena and Caapio.
Candaoe Ethiopian Q invs
Egypt, repulsed.

21

Augustus in Syria, confers
Trachonitis Auranitis and
Batanea on Herod.

20

Armen Tigranes n K — 10.

Augustus dismisses com-

Tiberius settles Armenia.

Settlement of Ok and

plaints agst Herod's go-

Asiatic provinces by Au-

vernment.

gustus. Indian and Scy-

thian embassies to Borne.

10

Rome Augustus obtains po-

Agrippa suppresses revolt

testas consularis and po-

of Cantabri.

testas censoria.

( 100 )

b.o. 31—19

Biography and
Topography.

Octavian supreme at Borne
at 82.

Suicides of Antony »t 56
and Cleopatra fflt 38. Oc-
tavian founds Nicopolis.
Athenodorus govs Tarsus.
Corn Gallus pr»f of Egypt.

M T Varro histn etc d set
88.

Augustus visits Gaul and
Spain. Tibullus with Mes-
sala in Aauitania.

Corn Gallus disgraced, ks
hf.

Strata in Egypt ®t 80.
Quint Varus d at Cremona.

Marcellus Augustus' son-in-
law d. Illness of Augus-
tus.

Agrippa prof urbis, m Julia
MarceUuB* widow. Augus-
tus travels in Italy and Gr
—19.

Caius Cffisar son of Agrippa
and Julia b.

Virgil Lat poet d at 50.

Inventions, Disco-

Laws, Literature,

veries, Science, Art.

Drama, Institutions.

B.C.

Tyrannio Gk gramm at

81

Borne. Codicils to wills

introdd by Trebatius Tes-

ta, legalized in 29.

1st Roman standing forces

Virgil's Mneidr- 19. Ho-

SO

10,000 praetorians, 400,000

race's Epodes.

soldiers, 50,000 seamen.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus

29

begins "Roman Antiqui-

ties:' Cir Elegies of Ti-

bullus — 19. Horace's 2nd

Bk of Satires. Elegies of

Propertius — 16.

Rome Leges Julia and di-

28

minution of popular rights

—ad 14. Census 4,164,000

citizens. Livy Lib i writ-

ten.

Egyptian treasures brought

Rome Lex de Imperii Prin-

27

to Borne. Pantheon erect-

cipiis.

ed by Agrippa.

Commerce of Rome — linen

28

from Spain, silks from

India, cotton from Malta

etc.

Munatius Plancus* orat.

26

Worship of Isis at Borne.

Horace's Odes Bks i — in
(Frankius).

24
28

,

Pantomimic dances introdd

22

at Borne. Virgil reads

JEn vi before Augustus.

Rome Social reforms of Au-

21

gustus.

Rome Golden milestones

Horace's Epistles Bk i

20

introdd. Splendid build-

(Frankius). Bathyllus and

ings.

Pylades pantomimists.

Rome Aqueducts construct-

18

ed by Agrippa.

( 101 )

b.c. 18—5

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

18

Rome Augustus' imperium
renewed for 5 yrs. Senate
reduced to 600 members.
Agrippa tribune for life.

•

17

Gir Herod begins to rebuild
Temple.

16

Herod visits Borne, returns

Rome Troops dftd by Ger-

with his sons Alexander
and Aristobulus. Agrippa
vists Jerusalem.

man tribes.

15

Austria, Cantabria, Maria.

Rome Successes of Agrippa

X

Rhcetia eto Boman pro-

in Ionia and Cimmerian

vinces.

Bosphorus — 14. Drusus

'

and Tiberius conq Bhoeti

and Vindelici.

14

Herod helps Agrippa in
Bosphorus: builds Anti-
patris, Cyphron, Phasslis
etc.

13

Drusus left to guard Bhe*

nish frontier.

12

Pannonia a Boman Pro-

Rome Subjugat of N Ger-

vince. Rome Augustus

man tribes by Drusus and

Pontifex Maximus.

Tiberius — ad 6.

11

Herod accuses his sons

Tiberius' campaigns in Pan-

Alexander and Aristobu-

nonia and Dalmatia. Dru-

lus before Augustus.

sus' campaigns v Cherusci
and Gatti — 9.

io

Armen Arduasdes in E — 7.

Cir Herod dedicates Csesa-
rea.

Augustus confirms privi-
leges of Alexandrian Jews.
Herod plunders Temple
Treasury.

8

Augustus' imperium re-

Herod visits Borne. Bevolt

Tiberius succeeds Drusus,

newed for 10 yrs.

in Trachonitis suppressed.

makes peace with Ger-
mans. Sext Aquileius
conqs Pannonia.

7

Armen Arduasdes expd : ri-

Herod execs Alexander and

val apptmts of Parthia and

Aristobulus. Judaea vir-

Home.

tually a Boman province.
The 2nd Mariamne di-
vorced, Simon her father
deposed.

6

Rome Tiberius receives tri-
bunitia potestas for 5 yrs.

5

Antipater condemned for
conspiracy.

( 102 )

b.o. 18 — 5

Biography and
Topography.

Tibullus Lat poet d.

Augustus adopts sons of
Agrippa. Augustus in
Gaul — 15. Agrippa visits
Syria.

j&milius Maoer Lat poet d.

Orbilius Pupillus Horace's
tutor d.

Augustus and Agrippa re-
turn to Borne.

Lepidus triumvir d. Agrip-
pa permanent tribune d.

Octavia Augustus' sister d.
Tiberius m Julia.

Claudius Caesar [Bom Emp]
b at Lugdunum. Au-
gustus again in Gaul.

Drusus Augustus' adopted
son d. V

Horace Lat poet d. Mae-
cenas patron of letters d.

Tiberius jealous of Agrip-
pa's sons retires to Bhodes.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

Nicolaus*
philo8.

of Damascus

? Tao-tse' religion begins in
China.

Spain Boman road extend-
ed to Cadiz. Ludius* last
of early painters.

Augustus completes theatre
of Marcellus.

Rome Egyptian rites dis-
place national religion.

Augustus reforms Julian
Kalendar. February of
28 days August of 31.

Theodoras* of Gadara

philos.
Rome Survey and repair of

water-courses.

( 103 )

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Rome Dedication of books
introdd. Lex Julia de
Ambitu, and Lex de Mari-
tandisOrdinibus. LVarius
and Plotius Tucca prepare
JEneid for publication.

Rome Ludi Saaculares are
celebrated with great mag-
nificence. Horace's Car-
men Sceculare. Lex Pe-
tronia protecting slaves.

Rome cir Schools of juris-
prudence under Capeto
and Labeo.

Rome Lex Junia Norbana
abt manumission of slaves.

Horace's Odes Bk rv (Fran-
kius); Epistles Lib n and
Ars Poetica — 8 (?)

Julius Hyginus' de Castro-
metatione etc.

Rome Decline of Comitia
Tributa. Lex Papia Pop-
psea. Livy's Hist (in 142
Bks) ends. Ovid's Epice-
dion on death of Drusus.

Hist of Dionysius of Hali-
carn completed.

M T Tiro's IAfe of Cicero
etc. Cir Ovid's Amoves
and Heroides,

B.C.

18

17

16

15

14

12

11

lO

9

6

B.C.

B.C.

Political History.

Jewish Church
History.

Wars, Popular Move-
ments, Catastrophes.

4

Britain cir Cymbeline K.

Birth of Jesus Christ.
Massacre of the "Inno-
cents." Herod shuts up
Jewish chiefs in Hippo-
drome.

3

Herod execs Antipater, d
at Jericho. Dominions di-
vided betw Archelaus,
Philip, and Antipas. Ar-
chelaus proclaimed E by
troops, ks 8000 people in
Temple.

a

Armen Erato widow of Ar-

Disturbances in Judaea put

tabazus Q. Anarchy —

down by Varus. Arche-

AD 2.

laus receives title of " eth-
narch " at Borne. Will of
Herod confirmed.

1

Eleazarmade H Priest by

Cains Caesar's expedite agst

1

1

Archelaus.

Phraates.

( 104 )

Biography and
Topography.

Seneca Latin writer b at
Cordova. Galba Bom
Empfc.

Julia Augustus' daught ba-
nished.

Gains Caesar in Armen, at-
tended by Juba histn.

Inventions, Disco-
veries, Science, Art.

B.C.

Laws, Literature,
Drama, Institutions.

Cir Ovid's Art Amatoria,
Metamorphoses and Fasti.
Rome Augustus' games and
naval pageant.

Juba* histn.

B.C.

3

( 105 )

INDEX.

Abdera founded 654

Abednego 580

Abydos colonized 715

Academy 1st 886; 2nd 290; 3rd 170

Acanthus founded 654

Acarnania invaded 454, 391

Accius tragedn 139

Achaean League 393, 276, 256, 255, 251,

243, 229, 192, 150, 147; prisoners

167, 149
Achaemenes governor 485
Achflemonidffi 558
Aohoris E 399
Acilius (1) 191 ; (2) 142
"ActaDiurna"59
Actium B 31
Adasa B 161

Adherbal 118, 117, 113, 112
<Ediles 493, 367
Agates B 241
jEgina reduced 455
JEgospotami B 405
^milius PauUus (1) 219, 216 ; (2) 168,

167, 160
-Eneas, myth of, 608, 262
JEqui v Borne 471, 465, 462, 449, 414, 389 ;

annexed 303
Ma Uxorum 403

iEschines orat 389, 343, 330, 814
jEschylus poet 525, 499, 484; works 472-

456
-ffisop fabulist 620, 570
^tolian League 340, 320, 284; embassy

238
JEtolians v Achaeans 211, 205; v Maced.

199; v Borne 192-189
Afranius L 90
Africa circumnavigated 610
Agatharcides histn 113, 111
Agathocles despot 317-289 ; (1) 294, 282 ;

(2) 205
Agathon tragedn 416
Ageladas sculpt 500
Agelaus strategus 217
Ager Pomptinus colonized 382
Agesilaus n 899-360
Agesipolis general 385, 880
Agis general 418; in 331; rv 244, 241

Agrarian disturbances 482, 471; law see

Laws ; commission 132
Agrigentium colonized 582 ; a Bepubl 472 ;

taken 406, 262
Agrippa M V 63, 35, 83, 19-12
Ahala Q S 360
Ahasuerus (Cambyses) 529; (Xerxes) 483,

479
Ahaz K 742-726
Alba destroyed 664; B 367
Alban war 671
Albans incorporated 664
Albinins chronicler 151
Alcffius poet (1) 610; (2) 385; (3) 196
Alcamenes sculpt 440
Aloibiades statesman 459, 420 seq, 404
Alcimus H priest 163
Aloman poet 670
AlcmsBonidffi expelled 597
Alectryon poet 348
Alexander the Great 336-323 ; the Molos-

sian337, 332; of Epirus 266; Balas

153, 151, 149, 146; Pretender 142;

Zabinas 126-122; Jannaros 105-78;

Aristobuli 56-49; Herodis 16-7
Alexandra Q 78-70

Alexandria founded 332 ; besieged 169
Alexandrian Jews 332, 312, 9
Alexis poet 356
Allia B 390

Allobroges v Borne 122, 121
Alphabet, Latin 234
Altar to Zeus, Jewish 168
Alyattes E 625-568
Amasis E 569, 550-526
Amathus B 103
Ambiorix 54, 53
"Ambracia" 189
Amneius B 88
Amon E 642-640
Amphipolis seized 358
Amyrtams E 460, 455, 449
Anacharsis mechanician 592
Anacreon poet 531, 527 ; works 559-514
Ananel H priest 37, 84
Anaxagoras philos 500, 460, 432, 427
Anaxandrides comedn 347, 340
Anaximander philos 610, 560, 547
Anaximenes philos 540
Ancona colonized 387

108

INDEX.

Aliens Martius K 640-616

Andooides orat 467, 420, 415-391

Andria 166

Andriscus 149

Andronicus of Rhodes 68

Androtion statesman 385

Antagoras poet 269

Antalcidas, peaee of 387

Anthemon philos 115

Antigonus, E 323, 820, 316-301 ; Sochus
289; Gonatas 277, 268, 266; Doson
229, 224, 221 ; of Judsa (1) 106, (2)
40-37

Antimachus poet (1) 753, (2) 405

Antioch founded 299

Antiochus, i 280, 275, 261; n 261, 249,
246; in {the great) 223-187; iy 176-
164; v 164-162; vi 146-143; vii 140,
137-129 ; viii 126, 121-114, 111, 105-
96; ix (Cyzicenus) 114-111; x 95;
xn 69-65; histn 424; Dionysus 93;
philos 87

Antipater, regent 331, 323, 320-318 ; phi-
los 144; histn 121, 115; the Idumeean
63, 47-43 ; Herodis 5, 3

Antipatris built 14

Antiphanes poet 387

Antiphilus painter 332

Antiphon orat 480, 412, 411

Antisthenes philos 396 ; histn 197

Antium taken by Borne 468; colonized
465, 338 ; independent 459

Antonius M (1) 102, 98, 87 ; (2) 83, 44-31;
C62

Apelles painter 335

Aphareus tragedn 368

Aphrodite anadyomene 335

Apis killed 523, 346

Apollo Pythius 355

Apollodorus chron 145, 115 ; painter 430 ;
poet 293

Apollonius mathem 247; Bhodius poet
247 ; general 168-146

Appius Claudius (1) 471, 470; (2) 450;
Caecus 312, 280; (4) 264; (5) 143,
136

Apries K 588-569

Aquae Sextite colonized 122 ; B 102

Aqueducto 392, 272, 19, 5

Aquileia colonized 183

Aquileius S. 8

Aquilius M 101, 98-91

Araros comedn 375

Aratus astron 280; statesman 256, 251,
245, 217, 213

Arbela B 331

Arcadia v Elis 365 seq

Arcadian republic 681 ; constitution 361

Arceanus E 709-704

Arcesilaus philos 290

Arch first used 588, 400

Archagathus med 219

Archelaus K Maced 413-399 ; Judaea 3 seq

Archidamus general 367 seq

Archilochus poet 700

Archimedes median 287, 221, 214, 212

Archinus orat 403

Archippus comedn 415

Architecture 745, 721, 708, 680, 650, 640,
616, 604, 600, 595, 588, 550, 540, 532,
500, 493, 442, 400, 380, 324, 322, 214,
179, 55, 46

Archons at Athens 752, 714, 683

Ardea besieged 510

Arduasdes E 10-7

Ardys E 686

Areopagus remodelled 461

Aretffius med 50

Aretas E 65, 64

Argentinus god 269

Arginusae B 406

Argive supremacy 748 ; war 718 ; alliances
418, 417

Ariarathes E 94

AriminuM fortified 268

Ariobarzanes i 84 ; n 64-42

Arion poet 615

Aristaeus mathem 380

Aristagoras general 501-498

Aristarchus tragedn 454; astron 284;
critic 156

Aristides statesman 489, 483, 480, 478,
468

Aristippus philos 392

Aristobulus i 106-105 ; n 72-63, 57, 49 ;
H. Pt. 36, 34 ; Herodis 16-7

Aristodemus E 738, 726; "Art of Flat-
tery" by, 54

Aristogeiton 514

Aristomedes gramm 60

Aristomenes general 684 seq; Egyptn
regent 199, 184

Aristonicus Pretender 133-129

Aristonymus librarian 183

Aristophanes comedn 460; works 427-
380; gramm 247

Aristophon orat 372

Aristotle philos 384, 367, 357, 347, 341 ;
works 357, 335-322, transcribed 68

Aristoxenes musician 320

Aristoxenus poet, 662

Arithmetic Gk 597

Armenia kdm 96 ; v Borne 35, 34

Armillary sphere 235

Army Roman 134, 30

Arretium B 284

Arsaces i E 250-248 ; n E 248-211 ; x 87-
76 ; xi 76-68

Arses E 338-336

ArsinoS (1) 301, 280 ; (2) 222 ; port 283

Art, Gk 724, 676, 650, 595, 580, 543, 520,
500, 463, 444, 425, 397, 355, 340, 335,
275, 210, 146, 89, 81 ; Lydian 724 ;
Roman 715, 578, 320, 263, 210, 146,
143, 81, 35; Assyrian 667 ; Babylonian
604 ; Etrurian 483 ; Bhodian 290

INDEX.

109

Artabanus usurper 465 ; i K 211-196 ; n
K 128-125

Artabazus revolts 356-354

Artaphernes general 490

Artavasdes K 56-34

Artaxata B 68

Artaxerxes 1 465-459, 445, 425 ; xi 405-362 ;
ni K 359-338

Artaxias E 33

Artemidorus geogr, poet 103

Artemisium B 480

Asander satrap 323

Asclepiades med 91

Asculum B 279 ; taken 89, 88

Asellio Semp 134

Ashdod taken 630

Asias poet 753

Asmonians massacred 37

Asoka E 260-230

Aspasia 432

Aspendus B 390

Assaranadius E 699-693

Asshur-Lush E 753-745

Asshurbanipal E 667-647

Asshuremidilin E 647, 625

Assyrian Empire ends 625

Astures conqd 25

Astyages E 593-558

Astydamus tragedn (1) 398; (2) 372

Athenaeum fortified 228

Athenion (1) 226 ; (2) 104-102

Athenodorus 30

Athens besieged 404, 296, 268, 87-86 ; con-
stitution 752, 714, 683, 594, 560, 537,
510, 478, 411, 403, 317, 256

Atlantic reached 136

Atomic system 400

Attalus i K 241-197 ; n E 159-138 ; m
138, 137, 133

Atticus Pomponius 109-32

Attius 103

Aufidius On 90

Augurs Boman 710-65

Augustus 63, 44, 43, 31 etc

Aulus Furius 100

Aurelius general 252

Austria province 15

Auxiinum 157

Aventine assigned to Plebs 456

B

Babius 40

Babylon taken by Cyrus 539, 538; by

Alexander 331
Babylonian empire ends 538
Bacchiadae, oligarchy of 745
Bacchides 161, 156
Bacchus-worship 186, 180
Baochylides poet 476, 450
Bactria Edm founded 250 ; ends 150 ;

Parthia conqa 138 ; Tartars inv 127
Bagoas 338, 336

Bagosas 365 seq

Bagradas B 49

Bakers Boman 171

Barca colonised 554

Baris Castle 108

"Baruch "book 160

Baruch prophet 604

Basilica JEmilia 50 ; Julia 46

Bassus Officii 46-45

Bathyllus 20

Belibus E 702-699

Belshazzar E 540-538

Beneventum B of 275; fortified 268;

colony near 180
Berenice Q Syr 249 ; Q Egypt (1) 81 ; (2)

58-55
Berosus histn 276
Bessus pretender 330, 329
Bethone B 86
Bethoron B 167
Bethsura B 165
Bias philos 593
Bibulus M C 59, 52, 50
Bion poet 275
Bithynia v Pergamus 184 ; bequeathed to

Borne 74
Bituitus E 121
Blisters 50
Bocchoris E 753, 730
Bocchus E 106
Boeotia, Spartans in 378, 374
Boeotian Aristocracies 47
Boii v Borne 238-236 ; 201-191
Bola conqd 414
Bomilcar excd 108
Bononia founded 190
Bosphorus Edm founded 480 ; Scythians

inv 285
Brennus E 390
Bridge first Boman 640 ; of Darius 508 ;

of Xerxes 481 ; of Caesar 55
Britain inv 55, 54
Bronze statues at Volsinii 265
Brundusium belongs to Borne 267 ; B 71
Brutus D J 137, 136 ; M 85, 44, 42 ; D 44
Bucephalia founded 326
Buddhism, 721, 593, 543
Burial Boman 260
Byzantium colonized 715, 657, 628 ; taken

by Gks 477 ; besieged 341

Cadmea recovered by Thebans 379

Caecilius oomedn 197, 176, 168

CffipioQSUO; 22

Caere enfranchised 351

CflBsar, C J 100, 80, 67, 44 ; L 87 ; works

of 57-51 ; C 20, 1 ; CI 10
Caesarea 22, 10
Calah Palace at 745
Calendar 742, 715, 463, 368, 285, 263, 142,

135, 46, 45, 9

110

INDEX.

Cales fortified 834

Callias Peace of 871 ; histn 289

Gallioratidas admiral 406

Callimachus archit 640; poet 280, 243

Gallinus poet 736

Callippus 353

Callisthenes histn 357

Callistratus orat 872, 361

Calpurnia 59

Calpurnius Piso 185, 180

Calvus C L 82

Camarina colonized 601 ; destroyed 553

Cambyses E 529-522

Gamillus M F 391-365 ; Crassus 349

Ganrpanian colonies 338-328

Canals Egyptian 610; Babylonian 575;
Xerxes 1 484: Philistus' 385; M
Dentate' 288 ; Ptolemy's 283

Gandace Q 22

Candaules E 735-724

Cann» B 216

Gantabria province 15

Cantabri conqd v Borne 25, 22-19

Capena taken 395

Gapeto 16

Gapharsalama B 161

Capitol 616, 534, 509, 83, 69

Gappadocian Kdm founded 744

Capua besieged 212, 211

Carbo P (1) 131, 130, 119 ; C P (2) 113 ;
C P (3) 87

Carchemish B 605

Caria naval supremacy of 735

Carnaea the 675

Garneades philos 213, 170, 155, 129

Carrhffi B 53

Carseoli colonised 801

Carteia 171

Carthage, commerce of 753 ; a republic
550 ; Roman treaty with 508 ; rise of
480 ; wars 409-392, 383, 368, 346-
340, 317-306 ; v Borne (Punic Wars)
264 ; democracy at 196 ; rebuilt 121,
45

Gasca P S 44

Casmense founded 644

Cassander E 318, 317, 316, 311, 306-
298

Gassius Spurius 493, 486, 485 ; Hemina
146 ; G 53-51, 45, 44-42

Cassivelaun 54

Castes Indian 327

Castor chronologist 115, 56

Gatana taken 415

Catapult used 399

Catiline 65, 63, 62

Gato M P (1) 234, 204, 198, 195, 187, 184,
151-149 ; M P (2) 67, 62-54, 46

Gatti v Borne 11-9

Catullus 67-54

Gaudium 321

Geltiberi resettled 179 ; conqd 97

Celtic rising 285-283

Celts in Greece 280-278 ; Asiatic 167 ; in

Spain 104 ; in Italy 101
Cendebaeus 138

Censors 443-265 ; Plebeian 131
Census Roman, 465, 241, 159, 28
Centuries Roman 169
Cephalus orat 403
Ceraunus see Ptolemy
Chsronea B 338
Chalcedon colonized 674
ChalcUeans at Borne 139
Chang-gan a capital 229
Chares sculpt 292

Charicles demagogue 415 ; orat 324
Charon histn 504, 464
Che Hwang-te 246
Cherry in Europe 74
Chersiphron archit 600
Chersonese Edm estabd 560 ; colonized by

Greeks 522
Cherusci v Borne 11-9
Chilo philos 597
Chinese dynasty Chow 255 ; records 246 ;

Emp 246, 104 ; literature 229 ; wall

214 ; ambassadors 24
Chinzinus E 731
Chionides comedn 487
Choerilus tragedn 523
Choral poetry Gk 608, 508
Ghow dynasty 255
Chronology Roman 463
Chrysippus philos 280, 240, 207
Cicero M T 106, 89, 79, 78, 77-43; works

81-43
Gilicia a province 102
Cilician pirates 102
Cimber L T 44
Cimon painter 520 ; statesman 475, 461-

449 ; Truce of 451
Gineas 280

Cincinnatus general 460, 458, 439
Cincius Alimentus L 225, 218, 190
Cinna L C 87, 86 ; C H 50
Ginneladanus E 647-625
Cirrha taken 591
Cirrhsean War 595 seq.
Circus Maximus 616 ; of Flaminius 220
Cisalpine Gaul conqd 225-222
Cithaeron B 376
Citium besieged 449
Clastidium B 222
Claudius App, (1) 471-470 ; (2) 449 ; (3)

812, 280, 264 ; (4) 143
Cleanthes philos 263, 240
Cleobulus philos 593, 560
Cleombrotus general 376-371
Gleomenes I 610 ; hi 236, 227, 226, 221 ;

sculpt 170
Cleonymus 272
Cleopatra, Egypt (1) 193, 181-173 ; Syr.

(1) 149, 146, 137, 126, 121 ; Egypt <2)

130-127, 90 ; Egypt (3) 61-30
Cleophon 410

INDEX.

Ill

Cleron philos 471

Clisthenes democrat 510

Glitomachus philos 129-111

Clitus kd 827 ; satrap 320

Cloacae 616, 184

Clodius P 61, 58-^52

Clusium besieged 391

Cnidus B 394

Cocre enfranchised 351

Codomannus E 336-331

Collatinus L T 509

Colline Gate B 82

Colonies Gk 734

Colossus of Bhodes 292, 224

Columns rostrata 260

44 Coma Berenicis " 243

Comedy Gk 578, 505, 487, 440, 437

Comitia, Curiata 742; Centauriata 578;

Tributa 492, 9
Confucius 551, 522, 479
Conon gen 395-390 ; astron 243
Consular law 134
Consuls Boman 509 ; restd 448 ; Spanish

179
Corcyra colonized 730; taken by Borne

81
Corinna poetess 502
Corinth invaded 393-391 ; sacked 146 ; a

colony 46 ; rebuilt 45
Corinthian repub 581 ; architecture 540,

335; war 394-387; congress 338
Coriolanus C M 491-488
Cornelia 175, 163
Cornelius Nepos, 55
Coronea B 394
Corsica Boman 237; v Borne 234-231,

163-162
Corupedion B 281
Corvi used 260
Corvus M V 343
Cosa colonized 273
Cotta C Aurel 252 ; orat 77, 74
Cotton Egyptn 569, 300
Crannon B 322
Crantor philos 301
Crassus P L 205; Aristonious defts 130;

L orat 119, 107, 102, 98-91 ; P 87 ;

P L 71-53
Craterus 323, 321

Crates poet 450 ; philos 318 ; rhetor 169
Crathis 510
Cratinus poet 454, 436
Cratippus 44
Cremona repeopled 190
Creon Archon 683
Cretans v Borne 6.9-67
Crimesus B 342
Critias statesman 404
Critolaus 147; philos 155
Croesus E 568, 554
Croton colonized 710 ; fl. 594 ; war v Sy-

bans 520-510 ; taken 277
Ctesias histn 398, 384

Ctesibius mechan 280

Cunaxa B 401

Curia Hostilia 672

Curio tribune 51-49

Curius Dentatus 290, 288, 276, 272 ; dfts
Pyrrhus 275

Curtius M 361

Curules instd 367

Customs-offices Campanian 199

Cyaxares E 633

Cylon's revolt 612

Cymbeline E 4

Cynic School 396, 374

Cynoscephalffi B betw. Alex, and The-
bans 364; B betw. Flaminus and
Philip 197

Cynossema B 411

Cyphron built 14

Cyprus 700; taken by Persians 531; re-
volts 498; taken by Gks 477 ; Athe-
nian victory at 449; Macedonian
833

Cypselids expd 581

Cypselus despot 657

Cyrenaic School 392

Cyrene colonized 631 ; v Egypt 266-264 ;
bequeathed 96

Cyrenian monarchy 631

Cyroptedia 394

Cyrus E 591, 556 seq; pretender 405

Cyzicenus 95

Cyzicus restored 675 ; B 410

D

Dacians conqd 27-24

"DsBtales" 427 -

Dalmatia v Borne 156, 11 ; Boman 155

Damascus destroyed 740

Damooritus 150, 148

Damon and Pythias 387

Daniel, Prophet 605, 601, 570, 535, 521

Dardanus peace of 84

Darius, i E 521, 512 seq ; m 336 seq

Datis general 490

Decarchies Athenian 404

Decelea fortified 413

Decemviri 451 — 449

Decius 340 ; Mus 295

"De Corona" 330; "Be Militari" 190;

" Jure Civili " 150, 95 ; •« Juris Disci-

plina"150; "Maritandes"18; "Lege

Agraria"63
Deinoorates arohit 324
Deioces E 708—655
Deiotarus 64
Delhi founded, 400
Delian treasury at Athens 461
Delos Boman port 168
Delphian oracle 398; temple plundered

857
Demades orat 324, 318
Demaratus E 491

112

INDEX.

Demetrius, Phalereus 817, 810, 807, 296 ;

PoliorceteB 807, 297, 295, 286, 288 ;

n K of Maeed 239-229 ; of Pharos

229, 219; K of Bactria 206, 200-180 ;

K i of Syr 163, 162 ; K n of Syr 146 -

140, 129-126 ; Eucharus 90-83
Democracy Athenian 510, 461
Democritus philos 460, 400, 370
Demophanes philos 251
Demophilus painter 450 ; histn 357
Demosthenes general 413 ; orat 882, 360,

855 seq, 324, 322
Dercyllidas general 399 seq
Diacrii faction 595
Diagoras philos 466
Dial 713 ; Gk 560
Dialectics invd 479
" Dialogues " of Plato 388
Dicasteries Athenian 461
Dictator Roman 498
Didius cons 97
Didymus gramm 46
Dinarchusorat 324, 202
Dinolochus poet 487
Diodes, Demoo Code of 412 ; despot 410,

408, 407
Diodorus, philos 111 ; Sicullus' works 60,

43—13
Diodotus n K 237 ; of Syr 146, 143, 139
Diogenes philos (1) 374, 336 ; philos (2) 200

155
Dion despot 860, 357, 356, 353
Dionysius, i 406-367 ; n 307-356, 846,

343 ; Canon 285 ; Halicarn 265, 29,

7 ; of Thrace 107
Dioscuri statue 320
Dipoenus statuary 580
Diving hell 320
Dolabella, 283, 98; P 47, 44
Domitius Ahenobarbus 48
Draco legislator 624
Drama introdd at Borne 364 ; Gk at Roino

240 ; Roman 174, 167, 90
Drepanum B 249 ; besieged 248
Drusus L 122 ; M Liv 91 ; August adopt

son 15, 13, 9
Duilius admiral 260
Duumviri navales 443
Dyrrachium taken 48

E

Eagle standard 102

Ear of Dionysius 403

Earthquake 464, 461, 31 ; Campanian 345

Ebony used 66

Ecbatana 708

"Ecclesiasticus" 180; translated 130

"Ecclesiazusffl" 392

Ecdemus philos 251

Eclipses 721, 603, 597, 168

Ecnomus B 256

Egista aided by Alliens 416

Egypt a Persian province 525; ravaged
by Cambyses 525; revolts v Persia
487-485, 460; independent of Persia
405 ; Persians inv 374, 351 ; Persians
reconquer 346; a Satrapy 346-332;
v Syria 246-243, 219-217

Egyptians departed to Susiana 523

Eleasa B 161

Eleasar H Priest 291 ; n 1

Elegy introdd 700

Elephants at Borne 276 ; exhibd 99

Eliakim statesman 675

Elulffius E 726-721

Emmaus B 166

Empirics sect of 471

Emporia awarded 161

Emporia invd 193

Encaustic painting 340

" Encomium on Helen " 370

Enfranchisement Roman 312

Enna taken 132

Ennius poet 239, 204, 201, 189, 173, 1G9

Epaminondas general 382, 370, 362

Ephetffi establ 624

Ephors 708, 226, 221

Ephorus histn 340

Epioharmus comedian 505, 476

"Epic" of Nawius, 204

Epicurus, philos 342, 306, 270

Epidaurus attacked 419

" Epidicasia " 398

Epimenides seer 659

Epinicia 499

Epirus devastated 1C7

Epitaph C Scipio's 285

Equinoxes noted 597, 162, 142, 135

Era Spanish 38

Erasistratus med 280

Erato Q 2

Eratosthenes astron 276, 247, 235, 194

Erinna poetess 351

Erixias arohon 684

Eryx taken 249 ; recovered 245

Esar-Haddon E 680 seq

" Esdras I " 100 ; n 40

Esther Q 479

Ethiopian expedition of Cambyses 521

Etruria annexed 283 ; Romanized 387

Etruscan navy dfted by Carthage 476-474;
Bevolt 358-351 ; Rising 285

Euboea retained by Athens 445

Eubulus comedn 375 ; poet 741

Euclid mathem 300, 280

Euclides philos 399

Eucloxus astron 376, 368

Eucratides E 180

Euergetae 239

Eugamon poet 566

Euhemerus 300

Eulfflus regent 173

Eumenes gen 323, 320, 316; i E 263; n
197, 176, 1G7

Eunuchus 161

— 1

INDEX.

US

■W'i

miai:
it* ft.

W9

iW

Euphaes K 730

Euphantus histn 246

Euphorion poet 274, 221

Euphranor painter 335

Eupolis comedian 429

Euripides poet 480, 455, 441 seq, 406

Eurydice 2, 322; Antipatris 297

Eurymedon B 466

Euthydemus E 222

Evagoras general 385

"Evagoras" 365

Evander philos 215, 185

Evil-merodach E 561

Ezekiel prophet 594

F

Pabii 483, 477

Fabius E 485; Q Max 322 seqj Gorges

292; Pictor histn 225, 198; Buteo

216; Max (dictator) 217, 215, 209,

203; Q con's 121
Fabrateria colony 124
Fabricius cons 282, 279
"FabulaB Togataj" 200
Falerii taken 395; Borne allies with 343
Famine Boman 492, 411
Fannius histn 142, 122
"Farnese" Bull 275; Hercules 275
Festivals Roman 220, 217, 212, 204, 173
Fetiales 640
Fidenffi revolts 665
Figulus C M 156
Fimbria gen 86-84
Fixed stars noted 243 .
Flaccus L V 184 ; Q F 181 ; M F 130, 125,

' 123; LV86
Flaminius C 232, 220, 217 ; T Q 198-194 ;

LQ192
Fleet Athenian 489 ; Boman 341, 260, 256,

253, 249, 241; Egyptian 222
Floods 22

"For the Bhodians" 351
Fortification art of 281
Forum Boman 145; Gallorum B 43
Fossa Quiritium 640
Four hundred 412, 411
Franchise restricted 411; Athenian 404;

Syracusan 404 ; extended 83
Fregell® fortified 328 ; destroyed 125
Fresoo Boman 263
"Frogs" 405
Fulvia 41

FulviusM189; Q F 135
Fundanius 243
Furnii the 36

G

Gabii taken by Borne 534
Gabinius 57-47
Gadara taken 103

J.

Gades founded 530 ; a Boman Municipium

49
Galatia peopled 277; conqd 92
Galatians v Syr Edm 261
Galba general 151, 150 ; Emp born 3
Gallia Narbonensis, 118 ; Cisalp 43
Gallicians conqd 136
Gallius Equatius 296
Gallus G S mathem 168; L P 94; Ml 24;

Corn 30, 26
Games Gk 748, 724, 720, 708, 688, 680,

648, 632, 591, 586, 566, 290, 228;

Boman 732, 672, .387, 367, 264, 249,

220, 186, 179, 17, 2; Isthmian 228
Gauda 104
Gaugamela 331

Gaul conqd 57-50 ; a province 51
Gaulonitis B 91
Gauls in Italy 520; invd Italy 400 ; v Borne

389, 361-358, 350-349 ; massacred 26Q
Gautama 721, 543
Gaza taken 332, 98-96
Gedaliah 585
Gela colonized 690
Gelon despot 480
Genucius tribune 473
Geography 560
Gerizim Temple 150, 129
Germans dftd 58 ; v Borne 27-24, 16, 12, 9
Gets v Lysimachus 291
Gladiators 264
Glaucus metallurgist 619
Gold mines 71
Golden sculpture 104
Gomates E 522
Gorgias orat 459
Gracchus T S (1) 215, 214, 179 seq; T S

(2) 163, 133, 132; G 158, 126-121
Graccuris founded 178
Granious B 334
Gratidianus M M 86
Greece deolared free, 196
Greek inscript 632; used at Borne 200:

art 163
Grotesque art 332
Gfges E 724
Gylippus general 414
Gymnopaxlia 665

H

Habakkuk prophet 606

Haggai prophet 520

Halicarnassus, Mausoleum at 352

Halycus Carthage boundary 883

Haman 474

Hamiloar general 898 seq; Barca 247.

242, 236, 228 ; general (2) 196
Han dynasty 206
Hananiah 605
Hanging gardens 575
Hannibal 236, 220-203, 195, 188, 183
"HannibalicWar"121

8

i

1

114

INDEX.

Hanno general 2G4, 214

Harmodius 514

Harmosts Spartan 401

Harpagus 554 seq

Harpalus 925

Hasdrnbal 236, 227, 220 ; (2) 209-207 ;

(3) 154
Hatna colonized 387 ; fortified 289
Heautontimoroumenos 163
Hecataeus histn 522
"Hecuba" 424
Hegemon poet 413
Hegesinus philos 185
Heliocles E 160
HeliodoruB 176
Hellanicus histn 450
"Hellenica" 394, 362
Helots conspiracy 707 ; revolt 464
Helvetii dftd 58
Hephaastion 324
Hephstadion 322
Hera statue of 452
"Heraclea"247
Heracleia B. 280
Heraclid© 716 ; of Euripides 421
Heraclides poet 348 ; Lembus 148
Heraclitus philos 513 ; poet 249
"Hercules Furens" 421
Hermaohus philos 270
HermsB mutilated 415
Hermippus biograph 203
Hermodorus archit 143, 138
Hermogenes 351
Hernici Boman league with 486
Herod the Gt 47 seq, 40-2
Herodians 28

Herodotus histn 484, 456, 443, 405
Hezekiah E 726 seq
Hicetas 344, 289
Hiempsal 118
Hierax 242
Hiero, despot 478 ; n E 275, 270, 263,

216
Hieronymus histn 301 ; Bhodius 250
Hillel 32

Himera, colonized 648 ; B 480
Hipparchus, despot 527 seq ; astron 162,

142, 135, 127 ; poet 111
Hippias despot 527 seq
Hippocrates med 460, 410, 357
"Hippolytus" 428
Hippomenes 714
Hipponax poet 543
Hisfcis&us 494
"Hist of Stones" 317 ; "<rf Chaldaa" 276 ;

"of Egypt "268
"Homer" 566, 537, 526; criticism on

280 ; recited 169
Ho-nan a capital 229
Horace 65, 45, 42, 8 ; works 85-8
Horatii v Curiatii 670
Horatius Cocles 504
Hortensius orat 95, 77-50 ; Q 65

Hoshea K 740, 730

Hours Greek at Borne 263

Human sacrifices 97

Hyginus Julius 10

Hyperides orat 345

Hyroanus 187 ; John H Priest and Prince

141, 135, 106; H Priest (2) 78-57
Hysiffi B 669

Iambic introdd 700

Ibycus poet 540

"Idylls" 272

Illoarudamus E 501

Hlyrian pirates 230, 229

"InVerrum"70; " Catilinam " 63 ; "Clo-
dium" 61

Inarus E 460

India, Alexander in, 327-325 ; recovers in-
dependence 319

Indian, epics 500 ; literature 56

Innocents the 4

Inscription, Persian ' 554 ; Graco-Egyp-
tian 239

Insubrians conqd 223, 222, 221

Interest at Borne 347, 342

Ion tragn 451

"Ion" 421

Ionia conqd 545

Ionic architecture 500; alphabet 403;
order 351

Iphicrates general 393-355

"Iphigenia"406

Ipsus B 301

Ira defence of 630

Isaaus orat 360

Isagoras 510

Isaiah 753 seq

Isaurian pirates 67

Isis worship 24

Isocrates orat 436, 357, 338

Issue B 333

Istria conqd 177

Istrian war 178

Italian-Greek federation 337 ; states 88

Ithome B 730

J.

Jaidua H Priest 341

Janus temple of closed 235, 29, 25

Jason, Tagus 375-370; H Priest 175, 174,

seq ; writes " ii Mace " 100
Jeooniah E 598
Jehoahaz E 609
Jehoiakim E 609 seq
Jeremiah prophet 610 seq
Jericho, Persians take 350
Jerusalem taken 598, 586 ; rebuilding of,

stopped 522; Alexander at 331;

taken 320 ; besieged 163, 134, 38-87 ;

taken by Pompey 63

INDEX.

115

Jeshua 536

Jesus Christ 4

Jewish independence 143

Jews, 585, 581, 537, 536, 529, 486, 474,

459, 455 seq
Joiakim H Priest 483
Jonathan H Priest 373; (2) 161-144
Joseph 226, 225, 223
Joshua H Priest 365
Josiah E 640 seq
Jotham E 753
Juba E 48-46 ; histn 46, 1
Jadffia under Egypt 320-203 ; under An-

tiochus hi 204; a tributary 63; a

province 7
Judas Maccabaeus 167-161
Judith 129

Jugurtha 134, 120, 118, 117, 112-104
Jugurthine war 111-104
Julia 54; (2)21,11,2
Jupiter, statue of, 293

K.

Eseso Quinctius 461
Karnak temple 247
Ehorsabad palace 721
" Knights " 424

L.

Labeo 16

Labici a Roman colony 417

Labienus T 48, 45 ; Q 40, 38

Xjaborosoarchod E 555

Labynetus E 555-538

Labyrinth 632

Laches sculpt 292

Lacydes philos 241, 215

Lade B 495

Laelius G cons 140

Lais courtezan 350

Lamachus general 415

" Lamentations " 585

Lamian war 323

Lampsacus founded 654

Laocoon statue 275

Laodice Q 249, 246

Laomedon 323

Lartius T 498

Lasus poet 527, 504

Latins incorporated 640; confederation
578-384; league 493, 491, 340; war
340-338 ; cities incorporated 338

Latitudes fixed 247

Laurentalia 619

Lautulffi B 315

Law, de provocatione 508; Icilia 492,
456 ; Agrarian 481, 467, 440, 232, 83,
59; Terentilian 461; Valerian 449;
" Mulctarum " 430 ; Athenian reform-
ed 403 ; Lycurgus'400 ; Petilian 358;
on interest 357 ; of Timoleon 343 ; Ge-

nucianS42; Publilian 889 ; Poetilian
826 ; Ogulnian 300 ; Hortensian 286;
about private ships 220; Claudian
218 ; Oppian 215, 195 ; BfBbian 192 ;
Lycurgus' 189 ; Orchian 181 ; against
Athens 126; ^ mi Han 116; " Sump-
tuary " 115, 88, 81 ; Thorian 111 ;
"Tabellaria" 107; Domitian 104;
Bervilian 106 ; Licinia Mucia 95 ; de
judiciis 91; Julian 90, 28; Plotian
89 ; Unciaria 88 ; Sulpician 88 ; Au-
relian 70; Cornelian 67; Gabinian
67 ; Boscian 67 ; Manilian 66 ; Am-
phion 64; Yatinean 59; de Bonis
Cidendes 56 ; Trebonian 55 ; against
usury 50 ; for Gaul 49 ; de Fenore
47 ; for Italy 45 ; de Imperii princi-
piis 27; de Ambitu 18; Petronian
17; Junia Norbana 15; Papia Pop-
paea 9

League, between thirty cities 493 ; Achaean,
see Achfean

Lectisternum 899

Legion Roman 197

LenaBus regent 173

Leodamas orat 372

Leonidas E 480

Leonnatus satrap 323

Leontini colonized 730 ; v Syracuse 417

Leosthenes general 323

Leotyohides 398

Lepidus, Egyptn regent 201 ; M M (1)
136 ; M M (2) 78, 46, 43, 36, 12

Lesbian, naval supremacy 672 ; revolt 412

Lesches poet 657

Letter of Artaxerxes 459

" Letters' ' of Isocrates 373

Leucopetra B 146

Leuctra B 371

Lex, see Law

Library at Nineveh 667; Athenian 526;
Alexandrian 298, 283, 48; at Per-
gamus 266, 32 ; Roman 167, 46 ; of
Apellicon 84 ; of Octavian 33

Licinian Rogations 376, 367

Licinius tribune 375 ; poet 107

Ligurians v Rome 193-170, 125-123

Lilibaeum besieged 276, 248

Lions exhibd 103, 93

Lissus colonized 387

44 Lives of Philosophers " 203

Livia 38

Livius 240

Livy 59, 28-9

Locri, Epizephyrii settled 706 ; taken 277

Locrian War 338

Locust plague 125

Logic Aristotle's 335

Long walls of Athens 456 ; rebuilt 393

Longinus L Cass 107

Lucilius C 148, 127, 115, 103

Lucretia 509

Lucretius poet 95, 58, 55

8—2

116

INDEX.

Lucullus L 103, 74-70, 69, 68

Ludi Capitolini 887 ; Maximi 367 ; Secu-

lares 249
Lading 14

Lugdunum founded 43
Luna fortified 177
Lusitani inv Spain 191 ; revolt 154 seq ;

y Borne 151-150 ; conqd 98
Lusitania Roman 140 ; a province 99
Lucurgus orat 345
Lydian, domn 568 ; Emp ends 554
Lycon philos 270, 226
Lycophron 585 *, poet 260
Lycortas strateguB 183
Lyre invented 676
Lysander general 407-403
Lysandra 297, 294
Lysias orat 458, 418, 403, 378 ; Regent

166-162
Lysicrates' monument 335
Lysimachus E 315, 306, 301, 287, 281 ?

philos 241
Lysippus sculptor 330
" Lysistrata " 411
Lysistratus sculptor 328

M.

Maccabee, the 167 seq

"Maccabees " 1st 120; 2nd 100 ; 2nd epi-
tomized 50 ; 3rd 40

Macedonian monarchy 700 ; military sys-
tem 413 ; phalanx 359 ; v Gk states
859-338 ; Empire 336, 323, 306 ; sa-
traps at war 321 seq ; 2nd war 200-
197 ; 3rd war 171^168 ; 4th war 149-
148

Macer 76, 16

Machanidas E 207

Macho poet 230

Maecenas 75-8

Maenius 410 ; general 338

Magas of Cyrene 264

Magnesia B 190

Mago general 493 ; (2) 393-383 ; (3) 206-
203

MalchusK 32/31

Malichus 43

Malta Roman 242

Mamertines in Sicily 284, 270, 264

Manasseh E 697 seq

Manasses expd 425, 409 ; H Priest 261

Mancinus, L 148 ; H 137

Manetho hisin 268

Manipular legion 388

ManliuB, Capitolinus 389, 383 ; Torquatus
340 ; VulsoCn 189, 188; L poet 97

Mantinea B 418; destroyed 385; B 362;
B207

Manumission tax 357

Marathon B 490

Marcellus, M general 222, 216-208;
C 51 ; Augustus' son-in-law d 23

Marcius Q 118

Marcus of Oerynea 255

Mardocempalus E 721 seq

Mardonius general 492-479

Mariamne (I) 38, 29; (2) 25, 7

Marians massacred 86

Marius C 134, 119, 109, 107, 104, 100, 99,

88-86 ; (2) 82
Marsian, lands annexed 303 ; war 90-88
Masinissa E 193, 161, 154, 152, 149
Massilia colonized 600
Mattathias 168, 167
Mauretania Roman 46
Mausoleum 352
Media rise of 634, 625, 593 j Emp* end*

558 ; revolt 408
Mediolanum taken 222
Megabazus general 507, 506
Megabyzus satrap 447
Megacles 612
Megalopolis founded 371
Megara, Hyblcea B 207 ; colonized 728 ;

embellished 630 ; oligarchys 630 ; war

v Athens 610
Megaric School 399
Megiddo B 609
Melanippides poet 520
Meleager 95
Melos conqd 416
Melpum seized 396
Memmius killed 100
Memnon general 334, 333
Memphis takeii by Cambyses 525 ; capital

of Ptolemy n 283
Menander comedn 342, 321, 291 ; satrap

323
Menelaus H Priest 172, 163
Menenius cons. 477
Mercenaries v Oarth 241
Merodach-Baladan 721 seq, 711
Morula L 87
Mesesimordacus E 692
Meshach 580
Messene founded 370
Messenians 1st war 743; 2nd war 685

seq ; in Sicily 668 ; revolt of 464,

183-182 ; reconquered 455 ; at Nau-

pactus 455 ; independence of 361
Metagenes archit 600
Metallurgy 543
Metapontum founded 700
Metaurus B 207
Metellus general 284, 251 ; (2) 148, 142 ;

(3) 123, 109, 106, 100, 99, 78-76, 67
Metempsychosis 535
Methone, colonized 730 ; B 359 ; besieged

353
Metrodorus philos 277 ; painter 167; phi-
los 91
Mettus general 665
Micah Prophet 750-720 cir; prophecies

of650(?)
Michmash 157

INDEX.

117

Micipsa K 120, 118

Milan founded 504

Miletopolis B 85

Miletus, maritime supremacy of 750-733;

destroyed by Persians 495
Milo general 272 ; demagogue 48
Mimes 94
Mimus the 80
Mindarus admiral 410
Mines Spanish 483, 195
Minturn® fortified 295
Minucius general 458 ; dictator 217
Misenum harbour 37
Mithridates of Pontus I K 318, 302 ; u

302, 291 ; iv 160, 131, 120 ; v 120,

96, 94, 88-63 ; of Parthia i K 174-

136 ; ii 124^87 ; m 60-54
Mithridatic war, 1st 88-84 ; 2nd 83-82 ;

3rd 74-65
Moesia province 15
Molo's revolt 220
Money Persian 521 ; Roman 578, 231, 210,

207, 195
" Moral Characters " 317
Moschus poet 275
Mnasciras 87-76
Mnasippus geueral 373
Mnemonics of Simonides 477
"Mrich-cha*Eati*' 100
Mucius 504

Mummius 153, 146, 145
Munychia 477
Murena 83, 22
Mntin general 211, 210
Mutina B 193 ) recovered 176
Mutine War 44-43
Museum Ptolemy's 322, 298
Music 676
Musical canon 535
Mycale B 479
Mycenffi destroyed 468
Myronides general 456
Myrtis poetess 502
Mytilene war v Athens 608

N.

Nabis tyrant 206, 192

Nabonadius K 555-538

Nabonassar K 747-733

Nadius K 733-731

Naevius poet 235, 222, 203

Narbo Marcius 118

Narnia colonized 299

Naucrates orat 352

Naucratis Egpt port 565

Naulochus B 36

Naval power, Athenian 489, 478 ; Etrus-
can 474

Naxos colonized 735 ; taken by Cimon
466 : B 376

Neanthes histn 241

Nearchus satrap 325, 323

Nebuchadnezzar K 604 seq

Nebuzaradan 581

Necho 665 seq

Nectanebo i K 384-366 ; n 364, 346

Neo-Platonism 60

Nepetffi garrisoned 373

Nepherites i E 405-399 ; n K 385

Nepos Corn. 100, 55

Nergalsharezer E 559

Neriglis8ar E 559 *

Nero general 207

New Carthage 228 ; taken 210

New Comedy 330, 293

Nicaea founded 326

Nicander Gk poet 182, 111

Nicanor 318 ; of Syr 162, 161

Nicias general 415, 413

Nicochares comedn 388

Nicolaus 16

Nicomedes E 264 ; n 149-91 ; m 91, 90-74

Nicomedia founded 264

Nicophron comedn 388

Nicopolis B 48 ; founded 30

Nigidius Figulus 60

Nineveh 721, 625 ; palace at 705

Niobe statue 355

Nisibis taken 68

Nomarchies Egyptn 332

Nomes Egyptn 665

Norbanus C 83

Numana colonized 387

Numantia destroyed 133

Numantines v Borne 144 — 133

Numa Pompilius E 715 : alleged writings

of 181
Numidia Koman 46
Nymphseum Aristotle at the 342
Nymphis histn 247

Obadiah prophet 584

Octavia 40, 32, 11

Octavian, see Augustus

Octavius Cn 128, 87

CEdipus at Colonus 406, 401

(Enophyta B 456

Olive at Massilia 536

Olympia B 364

Olympiads 752

Olympias Q 358, 837, 316

Olynthiac Orations 349

Olynthian War 382-379

Olynthus 379 ; taken by Philip n 849-347

«• On the, Peace " 355, 346 ; " Navy Boards "
354 ; « 'Embassy" 343 ; " Chersonesus "
341 ; " Crown " 330 ; " Grief " 301

Onias, H Priest 321; (2) 246, 228; (3)
195, 177, 175, 171

Opilius Aurel 92

Opimius cons and dictator 121

Opinian wine 121

Oracle of Praeneste 242

118

INDEX.

" Oration " of Isocrates 378

Oratory schools of 98

Orbilius Pupillus 15

Orchomenus destroyed 368 ; B 85

44 Oresteia " 458

44 Orestes " 408

4 «Org6"321

Orodes I 54-37

Oropus taken 866 ; v Athens 156

Orthagoras despot 676

Osaces 51

Ostia haven 640

Ostracism 510

Ovid 43 ; works 5, 2

Pacorus 51

Pacnvius tragedn 219 ; M 198, 174, 167,

139
Partus Ml 201
PagassB seized 353
Paid soldiers at Borne 406
Painting Greek 520
Palieopolis besieged 327
44 Palamedes , ' 415
Palestine Egyptn 193
Pallantia besieged 136
Pamphilns painter 350
Panathenaic oration 342
"Panegyricus" 380
Panias B 198
Pannonia 12, 11, 8
Panormus taken 254 ; B 251
Pantheon 27
Pantomime 22, 20
Papirius L Cursor 319, 298 ; 44 Lex Tabel-

laria " of 131
Papyrus used 322; Ptol II stops export

of 263
Parali faction 595
Parallels of latitude 235
Parchment 263
Parma 184

Parmenides philos 536, 504
Parmenio general 329
Parody introdd 413
Parrhasius painter 397
Parthenius 54
Parthia v Syria 238-236 ; Emp 174 ; in

Syria 164 ; civil war 87 ; v Armenia

56 ; v Borne 51, 36, 33
Pasiteles 89
Passover Hezekiah's 720 ; again celebrated

515
Patrician Consuls 355-342; privileges

abridged 339-300
Paullus Mm general 189 ; L Mm consul 51
Pausanias Spartan gen 478, 466 ; Gk gen

403
Pausias painter 840
44 Peace "419
Pedieis faction 595

Pekah E 753 seq

44 Peliades " 465

Pelopidas general 879-364

Peloponnesian war 431-404

Pelusium B 525 ; 170

Peperna 72

Perdiccas i K 700 ; regent 323, 322, 321

Pergamus Boman 129

Periander despot and philos 627, 598, 585

Pericles statesman 469 seq, 444, 429

Perinthus besieged 341

Peripatetic philosophy 335

"Periplus" 336

" Perss3 " 472

Perseus E 179, 168

Persian Emp 558; inv Babylonia 539;
Emp disturbed 621-515; war v
Greece 507-466; Gk alliance agst
450 ; Cimon's peace with 449 ; war v
Cyprus 385-376; awards headship
366 ; revolt 351

Perusia taken 40

Pestilence at Borne 463, 399

Petosiris astron 280

Phalaris tyrant 570

Pharaoh Necho E 610 seq ; Hophra E 588
seq ; dynasty ended 525

Pharcadon B 199

Pharisees, 125, 110, 102, 95, 90; v Jar-
naeus 95-89 ; rebellion of 90-85 ; cru-
cified 86; persecute Hyroanus' ad-
herents 76

Pharnabazus 398

Pharnaces 1 196 ; rise and defeat of 48, 47

Pharos lighthouse 322, 283

Pharsalus B 48

Phasael 41

Phasselis built 14

Phero tyrants expd 352

Pherecydes philos 600, 544

Phidias painter 450-432

Phidon E 748, 744

Phigalia taken 659

Philemon comedn 360, 330, 262

Philetterus 266

Philip of Maced n E 382, 365, 359 seq,
336 ; Arrhidams 323 ; v E 220, 193
seq, 184, 181 ; son of Antio vui 95-
69

Philippi B 42

44 Philippics " 352, 344, 341

Philippus 346

Philo philos 111

Philocles tragdn 872

Philoetas poet 280

"Philoctetes" 409

Philodamus 58

Philolaus' laws 728

Philopoemen strategus 208, 201, 192, 189,
183

Philosophers Boman banished 161

Philosophy Ionic 597

Philostephanus 249

INDEX.

119

Philoxenus poet 398

Phocaeans dlt Carthagns 539

Phocian cities destroyed 346

Phocion general & orat 347, 339, 317

"Phceni88iB"406

Phormio 429

"Phormio" 161

Phraates I K 181; n 139; in 68; iv

37
Phraortes E 655
Phrygia attached to Pontus 129
Phryne courtezan 330
Phrynichus comedn 429
Phrynichus tragedn 494
Phylarchus histn 220
Phyle taken 404
Physcon see Ptolemy vm
Picene v Borne 269
Pindar poet 522, 504, 502 seq ; 446
Piraeus 477; taken by Tlirasybolns 403;

rebuilt 393 ; seized by Nicanor 318
Pisander poet 646; demagogue 415; gene-
ral 394
Pisaurum 184
PisistratidflB expd 510
Pisistratus 562 seq
Piso L 148 ; L C 133 ; gen 57—56
Pittacus tyrant <fe philos 651, 593, 589
Placentia etc colonized 221; repeopled

190
Plague 22
Plancus Mun 25
Platasa B 479; besieged 429; garrisoned

386; destroyed 374
Plato philos 429, 409, 886, 360, 347;

comedn 428, 391; "Bepublio" of 251
" Plautine pieces" 224
Plautus poet 254, 224, 200, 184, 134
Plebeian rising 640, 494, 468, 376, 342—

300; magistrates 375 — 371; consuls

367; praetors 337; priests & augurs

300
Plebiscita binding 286
Plotius Tucca 18
"Plutus"408
Poecile Stoa 465
Polemo philos 315, 270
Pollio Asinius 76, 46
Polybius histn 265, 207, 181, 169, 167, 146,

127
Polycrates despot 532 — 522; Ptolemy's

minister 183
Polycletus sculpt 452
Polygnotus painter 463
Polysperchon regent 318
Pompeia 61
Pompeian leaders 48
Pompeius Q 141; Cn 106—48, 45; S 35
Pomponius L 94
Pontifex Max 1st Pleb 253
Pontius general 321, 292
Pontus independent 318 ; Boman 47
Popillius 168, 139, 138, 132

Porphyrea B 218

Porus K 731 ; (2) K 326

Posidippus poet 289

Posidonia colonized 273

Posidonius 62, 51

Posts Persian 521

Postumius Begillensis kd 414

Potentia etc enfranchd 184

Potidsa 432, 429

Pottery Italian 500

Praneste war v Borne 382—880

Praetors instd 367; 1st Pleb 337; Peregri*
nus 242; for Spain 197

Praxiteles sculpt 363, 330; M 280

Priapatius E 196

Priests' Colleges 81

Prison Boman 640

Privernum revolt of 330—329

• 4 Pro Quinctio" 81; "Boscio"80; "Cce-
cina" 68; "Cluentio" 66; "Lege
Manilia" 66; "Murena" 63, 62;
"Sulla" 62; "Archia" 61; Scipione
Nasica" 60; "Domo" 57; "Bufo"
& "Balbo" 56; "Plancio" 55;
"Postumo" 54; "Milone" 62; "Mar-
cello" 47

Proclus despot 626

Proconsuls Sardinian 227

Professional soldiers 100

Proletarii 100

"Prometheus "471

Propertius 51, 36; works 29—16

Property tax Athenian 378

Proscription of lot oracle 242

Protogenes painter 334

Prusias I E 228, 183; n K 180

Prygoteles engraver 336

Prvtanies 510

Psamatik I E 664, 632; n E 594; in
626—525

Psammetichus despot 585

Psammuthis E 386

Pseudo-Smerdis E 522 ; -Scylax 336

Ptolemais 219

Ptolemies dynasty of 322; war of 154

Ptolemy i E 322, 320, 306—283; Ceraunus
285, 280; u E 285, 283, 251, 249;
m E 247; rv E 222, 217; v E 205,
197, 193, 181; vi E 181, 169, 164,
149; vn E 146; vm E 170, 169,
165, 164, 146, 130; ix E 117, 107,
89—81; x E 107, 89; xi E 81—80;
xn E 80, 59, 55, 51; xm E
61—47

Publilius Volens 472; Philo 339, 337

Punic War (1st) 264—241; (2nd) 219—
201 ; (3rd) 149—146

Punicus 154

Punjab annexed by Darius 512

Purim Feast of 474

Pydna B 168

Pylades 20

Pyrrho philos 318

120

INDEX.

Pyrrhus K 287, 280—272
Pythagoras philos 571, 535, 520, 505
Pytheas' "Voyages" 262
Python K 323, 320, 315

Quadrigarius histn 110, 78
QusBstors Roman 485; elected 447; ple-
beian 409; eight 265
-Quinctius Publ 83, 81
Quinqueremes 260

R

Bagau B 655

" Ransom of Hector" 369

Raphia B 217

"Record Parian" 264

Regibelus E 693

Regifngium 509

Regillus B 496

Regulus general 256 — 250

Religion Roman 65, 10; Egyptian 58

Republic Roman 509

Restoration of Jews 537 seq

Rhegium founded 749 ; colonized 725 ; B.

393; taken by Dionysius i 387; v

Rome 281—271
Rhetoricians proscribed 92
Rhodes independent 409 ; city founded

407; v Byzantium 220; humiliated

167
Rhoecus metallurgist & archit 543, 532
Rhoeti conqd 15
Roads Roman 187, 14
"Roman History" Callias 289; Fabius

Pictor's 198
Rome admtd to Athenian citizenship 225
Romulus K 753 seq
Roscius 102—62
Rosetta stone 196
Roxana 328

Rufus S S works 51; M C 48
Rupilius P 132
Rutilius P 92, 90
Rutilus G M 356, 348

S

Babaco i K 730; n K 704

Sabines War 750; allied with Rome 502;

invasion 460
Sacred War 595 seq, 357, hist of 357;

Band 378, 375; Memoirs 300
Sadducees 284, 125, 110
Sadyattes E 637
Saguntum besieged 219
B Albans 54

Saisriseof 753, 632; B 569
Balamis given to Athens 598; B 480
Salassi v Rome 143
Balentum belongs to Rome 267

Sallust 86, 51, 34; works of 51

Bait tariff 204

Samaria taken 721 ; rebuilt 25

Samaritans oppose Jews 535; a sect vide
425, 408; colony in Egypt 332

Bamian aqueduct etc 532; naval supre-
macy 532; war v Sparta 525

Bamnites allied with Rome 354; war (1)
343—341; war (2) 327—304; war (3)
298—290; towns destroyed 293

Samnium a subject Roman ally 290

Samos colonized 352

Sanatroeces 76 — 68

Sanballat 425, 409

Sandrocottus treaty with Seleucus 305

Sangala taken 326

Sanhedrins 57 ; massacred 37

Saosduchinus E 667

Sappho poetess 610

Baracus E 647 seq

Sardanapalus 667

" Sardi venales " 177

Sardinia conqd by Carthage 493 ; Roman
238 ; revolts 234-231, 181, 126

Sardis rise of 724 ; taken 554 ; burnt 500

Sargon E 721 seq.

Satires introdd 700

Satrapies Persian 516

Satraps rebel 362

Saturninus 100

Satyrus philos 160

Scaevola jurist 95

Scaevola P M 133

" Scamandro " pro 74

Scaurus M Mm 115, 109, 60

Sceptic school 318

Scylax mathem. etc. 508 ; -pseudo 336

Scyros taken by Cimon 476

Succius Dentatus kd 449

Science Babylonian 604

Scientists enfranchd 46

Scinde annexed by Darius 512

Sciold E 60

Bcipio L 259; Cn Corn 222, 218, 212;
P C Africanus 217, 212, 211, 206, 201,
194, 187, 183 ; L 190 ; P C Mm (Na-
sica) 159, 155, 151, 147, 146, 143,
142, 134, 133, 129 ; L 83 ; Met 48-46

Bcopas sculpt 355, 352 ; in Palestine 199,
198

Scordisci v Rome 114

Scribonia 38

Scyllis statuary 580

Scymnus poet 90

Scythia invaded by Persia 508

Scyths inv Media 632

Se-gan Foo 246

" Seisactheia," Solon's 594

Seleucidffi 312, 65

Seleucus, of Bab. 320, 315, 305, 301 ; (Ni-
cator) E of Syr 312, 294, 280 ; n E
246 ; in E 226 ; iv E 187, 176 ; v 96

Belinus colonized 626

^

INDEX.

121

Selymbria colonized G62 ; besieged 341

Se-ma-tsien histn 651

Senate, Roman, 742, 616, 115, 81, 70, 46,

30, 18
Seneca 3

Sennacherib E 705 seq.
Senones dftd 367
Sentinum B 295
Septuagint translation 285
Sertorius 83-72
Servile War 104-99
Servilius 475 ; Q F 142 ; C 102 ; P 48
Servius Tullins K 578 ^
Sestos taken by Athenians 478
" Seven agst Thebes " 471
Sextius C. 122
Sextus trib 375 ; L 366
Shadrach 581
Shalmaneser K 727
Shammai 32
She-ma-tsin 37
Sibylline Books 534
Sicilian democracies 467; history 424;

expedition 415; slave-War (1) 134-

132 ; slave-war (2) 104-99
Sicily recovered by Rome 210
Sicinius Cn 76
Sicyon despot of 676; Athenians inv.

454 ; taken 251
Sicyonian painters 350
Sidon revolts from Persia 351
Silanus 141
Silk-weaving 350 t
Silo 88
Silver plate 284 ; money 269 ; -smith's

hall Roman 184; mines 71
Simon, H Priest the Just 300 ; (2) H P

217 ; Temple governor 177 ; (3) H P

son of Mattathias 144-135
Simonides of Amorgos poet 693 ; of Ceos

poet 557, 527, 477, 467
8innacaB53
Sinope 183
Sinnessa fortified 295
Sirbonis B 173
Sisenna L G histn 87, 78
"Sisyphus" 416

Six generals at Athens 407 ; exeod 406
Slave conspiracy 419
Social War 358^355, 220-217
Socrates philos 468, 424, 423, 406, 399;

(2)90
Sogdiana conqd 328
Solon 600 seq., 559
Solstices noted 597
Sophocles tragedn 495, 468, 440, 405
Sosibius gramm 251
Sosigenes astron 46
Sosthenes 279
Sotion204
Spain Carthaginian 236; revolts 197-105;

reduced 179 ; v Rome 99-97
Sphacteri* 425

J.

Spartacus v Rome 73^71

Spartan ascendancy 724, 554; naval su-
premacy 513; war v Persia 399; con-
gress 371 ; war v Megalopolis 352

Speusippus philos 347, 339

Spiritualism 54

Spurius Cassias 486, 485

Stageira 342, 341

Stagira founded 654

Statuary, school of 580

Statues of gods, Roman 578 ; of victors at
games Gk 550

Stephanus poet 332

Stesichorus poet 608, 560

"Stichus" 200

Stilo rhet 104, 100

Strabo 89, 24

Strato philos 287, 270

Stratonice 299

Suessa taken by Romans 534

SuffetfB crucified 206

Sulla L C 105, 88-78

SulpiciusPeticus 358; Galba200; tribune
88

Sumptuary laws, see Law

Sundial Roman 713, 560, 293, 263

•• Supplices " 471, 421

Supreme Nous 460

Susa taken 582; Macedonian capital 330

Sutras 100

Sutrium garrisoned 383

Sybaris colonized 720; flourishing 594;
destroyed 510

Syphax gen 204

Syracuse founded 734 ; supremacy of 453 ;
invested 414; destroyed 413; besieged
396, 214-212; Timoleon takes. 343;
revolts 214; Roman 212

Syria a Edm 312 ; succession of war*95-
84 ; a province 65, 62 ; conqd. 64, 63

Tabor Mt B 55

Tamyn® B 350

Tanagra B 457

Tao-tse 15

Tarentum colonizel 708 ; v Rome 281-272;

taken 272
Tarquinius Priscus E 616; Superbua K

534; expd 509 ; war with 508-496
Tarracina colonized 329
Tarsus founded 685
Tatius K 747
Tatnai 620
Tauris B 47

Tauromenium taken 132
Taxilus E 326
"Tearless Battle" 367
Tegyra B 375
Telamon 225
Telesilla poetess 512

9

122

INDEX,

Temples, Jewish 725* t>91* 623, 686, 516*
442, 425, 408, 243, 216, 177, 165, 150,
129, 63, 54, 17, 9 $ Ephesian 650, 600 ;
Capitalize 616 ; <£ginetan 550 ; Delphic
548, (2) 538; of Zens at Athens 540 \
Capitoline 534; of Hera at Samoa
532; of Jupiter Capitolinus 509; of
Ceres 493; of Castor and Pollux 485;
of Concord 368, 121; Tegean 355; at
Teos 351, 380, 324 ; of Aphrodite 295 ;
at Phil® 283 ; at Canopus 247 ; of
Karnak 247 ; to Homer 222 ; 1st mar-
ble 143; of Mars 138; of Dodona 90;
of Isis 50

Ten tables the 451

Teos E 366

Terence comedn 195, 166-159

"Tereus" 103

Terentilius Harsa 461

Terillus 481

Terpander musician 676

Teuta Q 230

Thales philos 639, 603, 597, 593, 550

Thaletes poet 665

Thapsus B 46

Thasos colonized 720; reduced by Cimon
465-463

Theagenes despot 630-600

Theatre Athenian 477; Boman 194, 179,
155, 99, 79, 78, 55, 11 ; of Herod 26

Thebes Egyptn 690; plundered 523; seized
by Spartans 882, 379; league with
Athens 878; war with Sparta 378;
supremacy of 371, 366, 362 ; destroyed
335* rebuilt 316; besieged 89-86

Themistocles statesman 489, 477, 471,
465

Theocritus poet 280

Theodoras archit 532; philos 6

Theodotus satrap 250; Jewish governor
218

Theognis poet 544

Theophrastus philos 392, 321, 317, 287

Theopompus histn 360, 352, 836

Theramenes statesman, 404; oligarchy of
403

Thermopylae B 480; B (2) 191

Theseum 465

" Thesmophoriazusffi "411

Thespis dramatist 535

Thessalonica 295

Thetes enfranchised 478

Thirty years* truce 445 ; tyrants 404

Thrace Philip n invs 342

Thrasybulus general 404-390

Thucydides histn 471, 459, 444, 423, 411,
403

Thymbron general 399

Thyreatis taken 554

Tiberius 20-6

Tibullus 64, 27 ; works 29, 18

Ticinus B 218

Tiglath Pileser n E 745 seq

Tigranes E 96-56 n 20-10

Tigranocerta 83; B 69

Tiles Boman 264

Timocles poet 324

Timffius histn 262

Timoleon statesman 343, 338, 336

Timosthenes, geogr 262

Timotheus poet, 898 ; general 374, 354

Timoxenus orator 221

Tirhakah E 690

Tiridates E 248; revolt of 25

Tiro M T 5

Tissaphernes satrap 412, 397, 395

Titinius 200

"Tobit" 850

Trachonites 21, 8

Tragedy Gk 468

"Trapeziticus" 393

Trasimene B 217

Treasury Hezekiah 711 ; Gk 461

"Treatise on Plants" 317

Trebatius 31

Trebia B 218

TreboniusC44

Tremellus L 142

Triarius 67

Tribes New Boman 387 ; Boman 332, 318,

241
Tribunes Boman 493, 457; military 445,

438, 433, 426, 422, 408, 400, 391, 888,

871,367; in Senate 130
Tribunitia potestas 446
Trif anum B 340
"Triptolemus" 468
Triremes Samian 704
Triumviri capitales 289
Triumvirs 60, 55, 43, 42, 37, 36
"Troades"415

Truce betw Borne and Veii 474
Tryphama <J 58-57
Trypho 104-102
TulHa daught of Servius 534 ; daughter of

Cicero 45
Tullus Hostilius E 672
Turpilius 133
Tuscan Architecture 493
Tusculum incorporated 381
Tyndaris B 257
Tyrannio 68
Tyrants Gk 650
Tyre New founded 520 ; taken by Alexander

832; taken by Ptolemais 219
Tyrtams poet 683
Tysca Numidian 174
Twelve Tables 450

V

"Universal Emp" Che Hwang-te 1st 246
Used first, money, weights, and measures
748; bellows, potter's wheel, tinder,
and anchors 592 ; true arch 588 ; cot-
ton 569 ; casts for medals 543 ; painted

INDEX.

123

pottery 500 ; " Golden numbers " 432 ;
light and shade in painting 430; rules
for proportions of figures 425; silk
weaving 350; encaustic painting
340; moulds for wax 328; diving
bell 320; silver money 269; tiles for
roofing 264; parchment 263; gold
coins 207; water mill 70; ebony 66;
blisters 50; golden milestones 20

Usury 433, 357, 84, 50

Utica203; taken 46

Yadimo B 283

Vaga revolts 107

Valerius Max 263 ; Antias histn 110

Vardsei conqd 135

Yarro M T 116, 73, 66, 54, 46, 36, 28;

. P T 82, 42, 37

Varus 45; 0(2)24; (3)2

Vashti 483

Yeii revolts 665; war v Borne 483-481,

406-896 ; besieged 405 ; laid waste 396 ;

territory divided 393
Velitr® war v Borne §71
Vellum introdd 137
Veneti revolt 56
Ventidius 38

Venus viotrix 355 ; de Medici 170
Venusia colonized 291; B 208
Vercellffl B 101
Yercingetorix 52, 51, 46
Yeseris B 340

Vestals Boman 710; execd 114
Veterans' colonies 82
Via Flaminia 800, 240, 220; Appia, 291;

Emilia 187; Cassia 171
Yicramaditya 87
Vikramaditya 1 56
Yindelici conqd 15
Vine at Massilia 536
Virgil 70, 42—19
Virginia 449
Viri Epulones 196
Yiriathus 145-143, 142-139
Viridomas 222
Yitruvius, Yaocus 329; on architecture

46

Yolsci peace with 457 ; v Borne 407, 406 ;

annexed to Borne 876
Yolscian towns, rising of 338-328
Yolsinian rising 265
Yolsinii destroyed 265

W

"Wasps" 422
Waterolock 280, 159
Watermill 70, 50
Wills 81

"Wisdom" 200, 120
Wolf of Capitol 296

Xanthippus, the Athenian 478 ; the Spar-
tan 255
Xenarohus 393
Xenocles tragedn 415
Xenoorates philos 339
Xenophanes philos 618, 550, 518
Xenophon histn 424, 394, 362, 354
Xerxes E 486 seq.

Year, Boman 742, 715, 46, 45 ; of Anarchy
403; solar 285

Z

Zacynthian exiles restd 374

Zacynthus Boman 211

Zaleucus legislator 664

Zama B 202

Zande 1 colonized 690

Zechariah Prophet 520 seq

Zedekiah E 598

ZeilasE251

Zela B 47

Zendavesta 536

Zeno philos of Elea, 479; philos 307-263;

hist 197 ; epicur 79
Zenodotus librarian 283
Zerubbabel 535
Zeuxis painter 450, 425, 397
Zoroaster philos 536

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BT C. J. CLAT, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY JPBESft.

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